持续性抑郁症 (PDD)各种形式在临床和社区人群中常见。慢性抑郁患者可能对药物治疗、心理治疗或二者的联合有效。然而,相比急性抑郁患者,慢性抑郁患者需要更长的治疗期、更多的心理治疗阶段和/或更大剂量的抗抑郁药治疗。[27]Keller MB, McCullough JP, Klein DN, et al. A comparison of nefazodone, the cognitive behavioral-analysis system of psychotherapy, and their combination for the treatment of chronic depression. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1462-1470 [Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2001;345:232].http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200005183422001#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10816183?tool=bestpractice.com一项 meta 分析显示,对于心境恶劣障碍,药物治疗可能比心理治疗更有效。[28]Cuijpers P, Sijbrandij M, Koole SL, et al. The efficacy of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in treating depressive and anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of direct comparisons. World Psychiatry. 2013;12:137-148.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3683266/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23737423?tool=bestpractice.com为了获得依从性和更好的结果,进行疾病和治疗的相关教育是重要的。
仅对少量针对心境恶劣和慢性重性抑郁患者的心理治疗进行了研究。 [
]In people with depression, how do specific behavioral therapies compare with other psychological therapies?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.561/full显示答案 [
]In people with depression, how do behavioral therapies compare with other psychological therapies?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.581/full显示答案 其中包括认知行为疗法 (cognitive behavioural therapy, CBT)、人际关系疗法 (interpersonal therapy, IPT) 和心理治疗认知行为分析系统 (cognitive behavioural analysis system of psychotherapy, CBASP)。通常,经验认为在治疗抑郁时心理治疗能与抗抑郁药相比,尽管专门针对持续性抑郁症的心理治疗研究很少。[29]Hollon SD, Ponniah K. A review of empirically supported psychological therapies for mood disorders in adults. Depress Anxiety. 2010;27:891-932.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2948609/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20830696?tool=bestpractice.com
任何抗抑郁药对治疗持续性抑郁症很可能都有效,已研究的药物包括三环抗抑郁剂 (TCA)、单胺氧化酶抑制剂 (MAOI)、选择性五羟色胺再摄取抑制剂 (SSRI)、五羟色胺-去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂 (SNRI) 和非典型药物(例如,抗精神病利坦色林)。某些药物尚未在随机和安慰剂对照研究中进行评估。
一项研究证实了药物治疗联合心理治疗的疗效。该项研究是在慢性重性抑郁症患者中进行的。研究显示,CBASP 和抗抑郁药(奈法唑酮)比心理治疗或药物单项治疗具有更好的急性期(12 周)治疗效果。[27]Keller MB, McCullough JP, Klein DN, et al. A comparison of nefazodone, the cognitive behavioral-analysis system of psychotherapy, and their combination for the treatment of chronic depression. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1462-1470 [Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2001;345:232].http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200005183422001#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10816183?tool=bestpractice.com
一项针对老年抑郁患者的协同医护研究报告,“年纪较轻的老年”患者与“年长老年”患者相比具有相似的初始缓解率,但“年长老年”患者的长期疗效和缓解较差。[30]Van Leeuwen WE, Unutzer J, Lee S, et al. Collaborative depression care for the old-old: findings from the IMPACT trial. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;17:1040-1049.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19934666?tool=bestpractice.com研究中未将心境恶劣障碍患者与其他类型抑郁患者进行区分研究。[30]Van Leeuwen WE, Unutzer J, Lee S, et al. Collaborative depression care for the old-old: findings from the IMPACT trial. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;17:1040-1049.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19934666?tool=bestpractice.com在 24 个月的随访中,疗效一直持续,且能持续到停止额外资源后。[31]Hunkeler EM, Katon W, Tang L, et al. Long term outcomes from the IMPACT randomised trial for depressed elderly patients in primary care. BMJ. 2006;332:259-262.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1360390/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16428253?tool=bestpractice.com一份 Cochrane 评价研究了多种长期内科和精神疾病的协同(共享)医护,发现共享医护可改善长期抑郁患者的结局和康复率。该评价还发现,使用“阶梯式医疗护理”服务模式治疗的患者平均抑郁评分有适度改善(根据该模式,首先向患者提供最有效但所需资源最少的治疗方法,仅在需要时才“上升”到所需资源更多的/专家提供的服务)。同样,研究中未将心境恶劣障碍患者与其他类型抑郁患者进行区分研究。[32]Smith SM, Cousins G, Clyne B, et al. Shared care across the interface between primary and specialty care in management of long term conditions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(2):CD004910.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004910.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28230899?tool=bestpractice.com
在产科/妇科机构中,协同医疗护理可能有助于女性抑郁患者的治疗(她们中很多患有 PDD)。[33]LaRocco-Cockburn A, Reed SD, Melville J, et al. Improving depression treatment for women: integrating a collaborative care depression intervention into OB-GYN care. Contemp Clin Trials. 2013;36:362-370.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23939510?tool=bestpractice.com
动机访谈和文化敏感疗法可能有助于西班牙裔抑郁患者的治疗。[34]Interian A, Lewis-Fernández R, Gara MA, et al. A randomized-controlled trial of an intervention to improve antidepressant adherence among Latinos with depression. Depress Anxiety. 2013;30:688-696.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23300127?tool=bestpractice.com
尚无有关儿童持续性抑郁症患者心理治疗效果的数据。然而,有关青少年的研究为预防抑郁和/或持续性抑郁症的高危群体干预计划的有效性提供数据。[35]Arnarson EO, Craighead WE. Prevention of depression among Icelandic adolescents: a 12-month follow-up. Behav Res Ther. 2011;49:170-174.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21296338?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Clarke GN, Hornbrook M, Lynch F, et al. A randomized trial of a group cognitive intervention for preventing depression in adolescent offspring of depressed parents. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58:1127-1134.http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=481868http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11735841?tool=bestpractice.com
很多持续性抑郁症患者共患躯体疾病,例如,心血管病。研究显示,抗抑郁药治疗联合心理治疗在联合医疗中对心脏死亡率的影响喜忧参半。[37]Berkman LF, Blumenthal J, Burg M, et al. Effects of treating depression and low perceived social support on clinical events after myocardial infarction: the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease Patients (ENRICHD) randomized trial. JAMA. 2003;289:3106-3116.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=196763http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12813116?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Davidson KW, Rieckmann N, Clemow L, et al. Enhanced depression care for patients with acute coronary syndrome and persistent depressive symptoms: coronary psychosocial evaluation studies randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170:600-608.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2882253/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20386003?tool=bestpractice.com[39]van Melle JP, de Jonge P, Honig A, et al. Effects of antidepressant treatment following myocardial infarction. Br J Psychiatry. 2007;190:460-466.http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/190/6/460.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17541103?tool=bestpractice.com一项针对初级医疗机构中 60 岁及以上抑郁患者(其中 87% 为慢性抑郁)的研究显示在临床心血管病发病之前采用联合治疗对预防心血管疾病的效果,即8 年随访期间重大心血管事件更少。[40]Stewart JC, Perkins AJ, Callahan CM. Effect of collaborative care for depression on risk of cardiovascular events: data from the IMPACT randomized controlled trial. Psychosom Med. 2014;76:29-37.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24367124?tool=bestpractice.com
心理治疗
对 CBT、抑郁症状的改善:存在中等质量证据显示,相对于安慰剂/静止项目对照组、药物治疗和其他治疗(例如,支持性和非指导性心理疗法、放松疗法、人际关系心理疗法),认知疗法改善抑郁或心境恶劣患者症状的效更好,但行为疗法效果不好。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 IPT、治愈率:存在中等质量证据显示,与常规治疗或不治疗相比,初始治疗采用人际关系心理疗法对于提高抑郁患者的恢复率更有效。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。和 CBASP 进行了研究,结果显示它们对治疗持续性抑郁症心境恶劣亚型患者有效。其他心理治疗可能是有益或无益的,但并没有在持续性抑郁症患者中进行专门的研究。
一份对多项系统评价的综述研究了重性抑郁的多种不同药物与非药物疗法,发现在非药物治疗方案中,与第二代抗抑郁药(例如选择性 5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂或选择性 5-羟色胺去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂)相比,CBT 具有最有力度的证据。[41]Gartlehner G, Wagner G, Matyas N, et al. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for major depressive disorder: review of systematic reviews. BMJ Open. 2017;7:e014912.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28615268?tool=bestpractice.com虽然这份综述排除了心境恶劣的患者,但是综述中的一些研究应该纳入双重抑郁患者。因此,针对持续性抑郁症选择非药物方案是合理的,当药物无效或不能耐受时,尝试对持续性抑郁症患者使用 CBT 作为首选方案可能有用。相对于急性抑郁的治疗,使用 CBT 治疗持续性抑郁症需要更长的治疗时间。在一项研究中显示,CBT 不如氟西汀有效。[42]Dunner DL, Schmaling KB, Hendrickson HE, et al. Cognitive therapy versus fluoxetine in the treatment of dysthymic disorder. Depression. 1996;4:34-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9160652?tool=bestpractice.com
CBASP 是一种为治疗慢性抑郁开发出的心理治疗。还显示该治疗方法对持续性抑郁症患者有效。[43]McCullough JP. Psychotherapy for dysthymia. A naturalistic study of ten patients. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1991;179:734-740.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1744631?tool=bestpractice.com然而,CBASP 并没有被普及。一项对慢性严重抑郁患者的研究显示,单独使用 CBASP 和与抗抑郁药奈法唑酮联合使用均有效。[27]Keller MB, McCullough JP, Klein DN, et al. A comparison of nefazodone, the cognitive behavioral-analysis system of psychotherapy, and their combination for the treatment of chronic depression. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1462-1470 [Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2001;345:232].http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200005183422001#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10816183?tool=bestpractice.com一项采用类似方法的重复研究——REVAMP 研究——没有发现 CBASP 比单独药物治疗有额外疗效。[44]Kocsis JH, Gelenberg AJ, Rothbaum AO, et al. Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy and brief supportive psychotherapy for augmentation of antidepressant nonresponse in chronic depression: the REVAMP trial. Arch Gen Psych. 2009;66:1178-1188.http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/66/11/1178http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19884606?tool=bestpractice.com症状缓解和汉密尔顿抑郁量表 (HAM-D) 评分改变:一项随机试验提供了中等质量证据:这是一项关于慢性抑郁患者以下列条件1)持续进行药物治疗并使用认知行为心理分析系统 (CBASP) 来增强效果;2)持续进行药物治疗并使用支持性心理治疗 (BSP) 来增强效果;和 3)仅使用药物,与个体化药物治疗方案相比,结果显示 CBASP 和合并BSP 都未能显著改善结果。相对于单独使用药物治疗,心理治疗的两种形式都未能对未能更好的改善抑郁或心理功能。[44]Kocsis JH, Gelenberg AJ, Rothbaum AO, et al. Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy and brief supportive psychotherapy for augmentation of antidepressant nonresponse in chronic depression: the REVAMP trial. Arch Gen Psych. 2009;66:1178-1188.http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/66/11/1178http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19884606?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
还证明 IPT 对心境恶劣患者也有效。[29]Hollon SD, Ponniah K. A review of empirically supported psychological therapies for mood disorders in adults. Depress Anxiety. 2010;27:891-932.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2948609/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20830696?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Markowitz JC. Psychotherapy for dysthymic disorder. Psych Clin North Am. 1996;19:133-149.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8677216?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Markowitz JC. Psychotherapy of dysthymia. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:1114-1121.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8037243?tool=bestpractice.com然而,一项临床试验中,94 例“单纯”持续性抑郁症心境恶劣障碍亚型患者(例如,无共病重性抑郁症)分别接受 16 周的 IPT、短暂支持性心理治疗 (BSP)、舍曲林或舍曲林加用 IPT 治疗,结果显示单独使用舍曲林的缓解率为 58%;舍曲林加用 IPT 的缓解率为 57%;IPT 的缓解率为 35%;BSP 的缓解率为 31%。[47]Markowitz JC, Kocsis JH, Bleiberg KL, et al. A comparative trial of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for pure dysthymic patients. J Affect Disord. 2005;89:167-175.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16263177?tool=bestpractice.com方法学上的困难,包括样本量较小,可能限制了另一种结果的获得,但作者得出结论,相对于单独使用心理治疗,单独使用药物治疗可获得更多快速疗效。一项针对老年患者的meta 分析显示,认知行为疗法对各种形式的抑郁(重性和轻度抑郁以及心境恶劣)都有效,但未能确定其相对药物治疗或其他类型心理治疗的优越性。[48]Gould RL, Coulson MC, Howard RJ. Cognitive behavioral therapy for depression in older people: a meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60:1817-1830.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23003115?tool=bestpractice.com
一项 meta 分析发现,各种形式的心理治疗,包括面对面 CBT、问题解决型疗法和人际心理治疗,以及远程治疗师主导的 CBT 和问题解决型疗法,对于初级医疗中的抑郁患者均有效;然而,有证据表明,与治疗重度抑郁症患者相比,其对心境恶劣患者的效果较差。[49]Linde K, Sigterman K, Kriston L, et al. Effectiveness of psychological treatments for depressive disorders in primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Fam Med. 2015;13:56-68.http://www.annfammed.org/content/13/1/56.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25583894?tool=bestpractice.com
药物治疗
据报道不同类别抗抑郁药对治疗不同类型持续性抑郁患者(包括心境恶劣和慢性严重抑郁)均有效。鉴于 2013 年 DSM-5 对于持续性抑郁症的分类,尚不明确是否有针对该特定分类的药物治疗研究;但是,大多数研究包括了心境恶劣患者或慢性重性抑郁患者。
抗抑郁药的选择跟抑郁的各种急性发作选择药物是一样的。通常,初始使用 SSRI,如果第一种药物不能耐受或无效,可能换成其他类的抗抑郁药会有效:例如,安非他酮(缓释剂或长效缓释剂)、[50]Hellerstein DJ, Batchelder S, Kreditor D, et al. Bupropion sustained-release for the treatment of dysthymic disorder: an open-label study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001;21:325-329.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11386496?tool=bestpractice.comSSRI 或沃泰西汀(一种双模态双通道口服抗抑郁药,该药物能通过五羟色胺 再摄取抑制和受体活性调节的来发挥作用)。后续的选项包括联合药物治疗。
治疗的关键是在相对较长的时期内给予相对较高的剂量(相对抑郁的急性发作治疗而言)。
尽管在美国 FDA 还没有适用于该疾病的药物,研究显示,但广谱药物对于持续性抑郁症的亚型心境恶劣和慢性重性抑郁有效。安慰剂对心境恶劣障碍和慢性重性抑郁疗效很低;而药物的疗效尽管可能低于对急性重性抑郁症 (MDD) 的疗效,但仍然优于安慰剂。
在几乎所有的心境恶劣双盲对照研究中,药物的疗效显著高于安慰剂。[51]Levkovitz Y, Tedeschini E, Papakostas GI. Efficacy of antidepressants for dysthymia: A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials. J Clin Psych. 2011;72:509-514.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21527126?tool=bestpractice.com[52]von Wolff A, Hölzel LP, Westphal A, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants in the acute treatment of chronic depression and dysthymia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2013;144:7-15.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22963896?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Kriston L, von Wolff A, Westphal A, et al. Efficacy and acceptability of acute treatments for persistent depressive disorder: a network meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety. 2014;31:621-630.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24448972?tool=bestpractice.com一项 Meta 分析发现,使用 SSRI 和 TCA 治疗的缓解率高于安慰剂,SSRI 和 TCA 疗效相当,但与 SSRI 相比,服用 TCA 的患者不良反应率和停药率更高。[52]von Wolff A, Hölzel LP, Westphal A, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants in the acute treatment of chronic depression and dysthymia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2013;144:7-15.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22963896?tool=bestpractice.com一项网络 Meta 分析发现,在治疗持续性抑郁症方面,许多不同抗抑郁药(包括氟西汀、帕罗西汀、舍曲林、吗氯贝胺、丙米嗪和氨磺必利)的效果优于安慰剂。[53]Kriston L, von Wolff A, Westphal A, et al. Efficacy and acceptability of acute treatments for persistent depressive disorder: a network meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety. 2014;31:621-630.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24448972?tool=bestpractice.com成对比较显示,吗氯贝胺和氨磺必利可能优于氟西汀。[54]Cleare A, Pariante CM, Young AH, et al; Members of the Consensus Meeting. Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 2008 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. J Psychopharmacol. 2015;29:459-525.http://jop.sagepub.com/content/29/5/459.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25969470?tool=bestpractice.com
持续性抑郁症包括各种类型的慢性抑郁,任何经证实对抑郁有效的药物很可能对 PDD 也有效。“双重抑郁”(并发于重性抑郁发作的心境恶劣)的治疗方法与重性抑郁症的治疗方法相似。在心境恶劣患者和 MDD 患者的对照试验中,安慰剂对心境恶劣障碍中的应答率明显低于对 MDD 中的应答率(29.9%:37.9%,P = 0.042),而心境恶劣障碍需要治疗的人数 (NNT) 为 1:4.4,相比之下 MDD 的 NNT 为 1:6.1,没有显著差异。对于数据进一步荟萃回归分析的结果显示,心境恶劣的相对副作用危险度要大于 MDD。
一项大型、随机、双盲、安慰剂对照试验显示,12 周舍曲林和丙咪嗪治疗比安慰剂效果更好。[55]Thase ME, Fava M, Halbreich U, et al. A placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial comparing sertraline and imipramine for the treatment of dysthymia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996;53:777-784.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8792754?tool=bestpractice.com该研究的持续时间比通常的急性重性抑郁研究的持续时间(一般为 6 至 8 周)更长。此外,所使用的舍曲林和丙咪嗪剂量相当高,但应答率比急性重性抑郁症研究的应答率要低。舍曲林是研究最透彻的抗抑郁药,肯定可用于持续性抑郁症的治疗。
一项在老年心境恶劣患者中开展的氟西汀与安慰剂的对照研究显示,在治疗12 周后,氟西汀的疗效就有限了。[56]Devanand DP, Nobler MS, Cheng J, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine treatment for elderly patients with dysthymic disorder. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005;13:59-68.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15653941?tool=bestpractice.com相反,年轻成人使用氟西汀比安慰剂更有效。[57]Hellerstein DJ, Yanowitch P, Rosenthal J, et al. A randomized double-blind study of fluoxetine versus placebo in treatment of dysthymia. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150:1169-1175.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8328559?tool=bestpractice.com一项在“单纯”心境恶劣(未伴重性抑郁)老年患者中开展的小型研究发现,帕罗西汀在改善症状和生活质量方面比安慰剂更有效,而且通常耐受良好。[58]Ravindran AV, Cameron C, Bhatla R, et al. Paroxetine in the treatment of dysthymic disorder without co-morbidities: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose study. Asian J Psychiatr. 2013;6:157-161.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23466114?tool=bestpractice.com
其他研究大多是小样本量的开放性研究和非临床对照试验。这些研究显示了文拉法辛、米氮平、西酞普兰和安非他酮缓释剂的阳性结果,[50]Hellerstein DJ, Batchelder S, Kreditor D, et al. Bupropion sustained-release for the treatment of dysthymic disorder: an open-label study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001;21:325-329.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11386496?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Dunner DL, Hendrickson HE, Bea C, et al. Venaflaxine in dysthymic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58:528-531.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9448655?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Dunner DL, Hendrickson HE, Bea C, et al. Dysthymic disorder: treatment with citalopram. Depress Anxiety. 2002;15:18-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11816048?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Dunner DL, Hendrickson HE, Bea C, et al. Dysthymic disorder: treatment with mirtazapine. Depress Anxiety. 1999;10:68-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10569129?tool=bestpractice.com [
]Is there randomized controlled trial evidence to support the use of citalopram in people with depression?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.811/full显示答案 [
]Is there randomized controlled trial evidence to support the use of mirtazapine in people with depression?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.810/full显示答案 以及氟伏沙明的阴性结果。[62]Trivedi MH, Kleiber BA. Algorithm for the treatment of chronic depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(suppl 6):22-29.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11310816?tool=bestpractice.com低剂量非典型抗精神病利坦色林对心境恶劣障碍治疗有效。[63]Komossa K, Depping AM, Gaudchau A, et al. Second generation antipsychotics for major depressive disorder and dysthymia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(12):CD008121.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008121.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21154393?tool=bestpractice.com我们发现虽然没有最新药物(沃泰西汀、维拉佐酮和左旋米那普仑)治疗 PDD 的研究,但治疗 MDD 的药物通常在治疗 PDD 时也显示有效,因此最新药物对 PDD 可能也有效。
关于儿童患者治疗的数据有限,但要注意使用抗抑郁药与年轻患者自杀观念会增强这一常规警告事项。[64]Bridge JA, Iyengar S, Salary CB, et al. Clinical response and risk for reported suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in pediatric antidepressant treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2007;297:1683-1696.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17440145?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Hammad TA, Laughren T, Racoosin J. Suicidality in pediatric patients treated with antidepressant drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:332-339.http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/63/3/332http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16520440?tool=bestpractice.com应密切观察患者的行为改变和/或突然出现的自杀观念。应让家属意识到此类改变可能会在治疗期间发生,如有必要应联系处方医生。在某些国家/地区,氟西汀获批用于治疗儿童抑郁(适用于 8 岁和 8 岁以上儿童)。 [
]What are the effects of newer generation antidepressants in children and adolescents with depressive disorders?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.448/full显示答案
大多数持续性抑郁症患者会共患其他精神疾病,例如,焦虑障碍和物质滥用。酒精误用和无酒精误用患者的缓解率相似,[66]Iovieno N, Tedeschini E, Bentley KH, et al. Antidepressants for major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder in patients with comorbid alcohol use disorders: a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72:1144-1151.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21536001?tool=bestpractice.com抗抑郁药在伴与不伴阿片类使用障碍的患者中效果也相似。[67]Pedrelli P, Iovieno N, Vitali M, et al. Treatment of major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder with antidepressants in patients with comorbid opiate use disorders enrolled in methadone maintenance therapy: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011;31:582-586.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21869696?tool=bestpractice.com对于重性抑郁症或心境恶劣的大麻使用者,文拉法辛会导致大麻使用量增加,并且与安慰剂相比,文拉法辛并没有改善抑郁症状。[68]Levin FR, Mariani J, Brooks DJ, et al. A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of venlafaxine-extended release for co-occurring cannabis dependence and depressive disorders. Addiction. 2013;108:1084-1094.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23297841?tool=bestpractice.com重性抑郁或心境恶劣的可卡因使用者,使用文拉法辛治疗并未能改善情绪或可卡因使用结局。[69]Raby WN, Rubin EA, Garawi F, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of venlafaxine for the treatment of depressed cocaine-dependent patients. Am J Addict. 2014;23:68-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24313244?tool=bestpractice.com如果患者存在明显的酒精误用,非 SSRI 抗抑郁药 [例如,TCA 和奈法唑酮 (nefazodone)] 可能比 SSRI 抗抑郁药更有效。[66]Iovieno N, Tedeschini E, Bentley KH, et al. Antidepressants for major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder in patients with comorbid alcohol use disorders: a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72:1144-1151.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21536001?tool=bestpractice.com如果患者出现显著的失眠,与使用可引起更严重失眠的抗抑郁药相比,使用镇静性抗抑郁药可能是更好的选择。某些持续性抑郁症患者会共患注意缺陷障碍,可能会从辅助兴奋性药物中获益。在纤维肌痛共病的患者中,普瑞巴林可为缓解疼痛以及情绪和焦虑症状提供益处。[70]Arnold LM, Sarzi-Puttini P, Arsenault P, et al. Efficacy and safety of pregabalin in patients with fibromyalgia and comorbid depression taking concurrent antidepressant medication: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Rheumatol. 2015;42:1237-1244.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26034150?tool=bestpractice.com
Meta 分析显示,对于持续性抑郁症的心境恶劣亚型患者,抗抑郁药物治疗比心理治疗更有效。[51]Levkovitz Y, Tedeschini E, Papakostas GI. Efficacy of antidepressants for dysthymia: A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials. J Clin Psych. 2011;72:509-514.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21527126?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Cuijpers P, van Straten A, Schuurmans J, et al. Psychotherapy for chronic major depression and dysthymia: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010;30:51-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19781837?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Cuijpers P, Dekker J, Hollon SD, et al. Adding psychotherapy to pharmacotherapy in the treatment of depressive disorders in adults: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70:1219-1229.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19818243?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Cuijpers P, van Sraten A, van Oppen P, et al. Are psychological and pharmacologic interventions equally effective in the treatment of adult depressive disorders? A meta-analysis of comparative studies. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69:1675-1685.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18945396?tool=bestpractice.com然而,对于出现躯体疾病并发抑郁的个体患者,证实药物治疗并不比安慰剂更有效。[74]Rayner L, Price A, Evans A, et al. Antidepressants for depression in physically ill people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(3):CD007503.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007503.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20238354?tool=bestpractice.com没有充分的证据建议用第二代抗抑郁药替代其他抗抑郁药。[75]Gartlehner G, Gaynes BN, Hansen RA, et al. Comparative benefits and harms of second-generation antidepressants: background paper for the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2008;149:734-750.http://www.annals.org/content/149/10/734.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19017592?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Bauer M, Severus E, Köhler S, et al; World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry Task Force on Unipolar Depressive Disorders. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of unipolar depressive disorders, part 2: maintenance treatment of major depressive disorder - update 2015. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2015;16:76-95.http://www.wfsbp.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Treatment_Guidelines/Bauer_et_al_2015.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25677972?tool=bestpractice.com根据一项旨在确定特定患者特征是否能预测仅使用特定治疗、药物治疗或心理治疗,或联合治疗的效果的系统评价,数据显示药物可能是心境恶劣的最佳治疗,联合治疗对于抑郁门诊患者同老年抑郁患者一样有效,但相对于联合治疗,研究数量大约仅占作出此类结论所需数量的20%。[77]Cuijpers P, Reynolds CF 3rd, Donker T, et al. Personalized treatment of adult depression: medication, psychotherapy, or both? A systematic review. Depress Anxiety. 2012;29:855-864.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22815247?tool=bestpractice.com对一项随机对照临床试验(奈法唑酮 vs. 心理治疗的认知行为分析系统 vs. 联合治疗)的分析表明,相对于抗抑郁药治疗,心理治疗应用于童年早期创伤(例如性虐待或早期失去父亲或母亲)的结局可能更好。[78]Nemeroff CB, Heim CM, Thase ME, et al. Differential responses to psychotherapy versus pharmacotherapy in patients with chronic forms of major depression and childhood trauma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100:14293-14296.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC283585/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14615578?tool=bestpractice.com
其他治疗
一项研究显示瑜伽可能对于某些抑郁患者有效,但作者强调还需做进一步研究。[79]da Silva TLR. Yoga in the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders: a review. Asian J Psychiatr. 2009;2:6-16.一项 Cochrane 评价没有发现充分的证据来建议用针灸疗法治疗抑郁患者。[80]Smith CA, Hay PP, Macpherson H, et al. Acupuncture for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(1):CD004046.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004046.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20091556?tool=bestpractice.com有人将锻炼作为一种治疗抑郁的方法进行了研究, [
]What are the effects of exercise for improving symptoms in adults with depression?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.355/full显示答案 尽管并非专门针对持续性抑郁症,但结果显示,与药物治疗相比,某些患者可从锻炼中获益。[81]Lawlor DA, Hopker SW. The effectiveness of exercise as an intervention in the management of depression: systematic review and metaregression analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2001;322:763-767.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC30551/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11282860?tool=bestpractice.com在一项研究中,根据 1 年的随访结果,规律锻炼可频繁的使患者获得持续缓解。[82]Hoffman BM, Babyak MA, Craighead E, et al. Exercise and pharmacotherapy in patients with major depression: one-year follow-up of the SMILE study. Psychosom Med. 2011;73:127-133.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21148807?tool=bestpractice.com一项小型研究显示,与静止项目对照组相比,包括锻炼、运动策略和感官意识程序在内的躯体心理治疗可改善慢性抑郁患者的抑郁症状。[83]Röhricht F, Papadopoulos N, Priebe S. An exploratory randomized controlled trial of body psychotherapy for patients with chronic depression. J Affect Disord. 2013;151:85-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23769289?tool=bestpractice.com
在不同类型的抑郁(包括持续性抑郁症)患者个体中,工作能力损害是很常见的。一项有关对患有抑郁的工人(患有重性抑郁或出现大部分抑郁症状)的进行干预的 Cochrane 综述认为,有中等质量的证据证实,与单独使用临床干预相比,在其中加入以工作为导向的干预可减少病假天数。此外,与常规医疗相比,用认知行为疗法加强初级医疗或职业保健的方法似乎可以减少病假天数。还可以通过结构化的电话交流和包括药物治疗在内的医疗管理项目也可减少伤病缺勤。然而,现有的研究是有限的,还需要进行更多有关改善抑郁患者工作功能的研究。[84]Nieuwenhuijsen K, Faber B, Verbeek JH, et al. Interventions to improve return to work in depressed people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(12):CD006237.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006237.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25470301?tool=bestpractice.com