I 型坏死性筋膜炎是一种皮下组织的多重微生物感染,致病菌包含厌氧菌(例如拟杆菌属或消化链球菌属)以及兼性厌氧菌(例如肠杆菌科 [大肠埃希氏菌、肠杆菌属、克雷伯氏菌属、变形杆菌属] 或非 A 族链球菌),含或不含金黄色葡萄球菌。[3]Hasham S, Matteucci P, Stanley PR, et al. Necrotising fasciitis. BMJ. 2005 Apr 9;330(7495):830-3. [Erratum in: BMJ. 2005 May 14;330(7500):1143.][4]Pasternack MS, Swartz MN. Cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, and subcutaneous tissue infections. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2015:1194-215.[7]Aronoff DM, Bloch KC. Assessing the relationship between the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and necrotizing fasciitis caused by group A streptococcus. Medicine (Baltimore). 2003 Jul;82(4):225-35.
II 型坏死性筋膜炎是一种皮下组织单一微生物所致的感染,最常见的致病菌为化脓性链球菌(A 族链球菌)。创伤弧菌、嗜水气单胞菌、Panton-Valentine 杀白细胞素 (PVL) 阳性金黄色葡萄球菌及耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌也是其致病菌。[3]Hasham S, Matteucci P, Stanley PR, et al. Necrotising fasciitis. BMJ. 2005 Apr 9;330(7495):830-3. [Erratum in: BMJ. 2005 May 14;330(7500):1143.][4]Pasternack MS, Swartz MN. Cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, and subcutaneous tissue infections. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2015:1194-215.[5]Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15;59(2):e10-52.https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/59/2/e10/2895845[7]Aronoff DM, Bloch KC. Assessing the relationship between the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and necrotizing fasciitis caused by group A streptococcus. Medicine (Baltimore). 2003 Jul;82(4):225-35. 尽管十分罕见,但在免疫功能正常和免疫功能受损患者中,毛霉菌病已被作为一种病因报道。[9]Jain D, Kumar Y, Vasishta RK, et al. Zygomycotic necrotizing fasciitis in immunocompetent patients: a series of 18 cases. Mod Pathol. 2006 Sep;19(9):1221-6.http://www.nature.com/articles/3800639[10]Neblett Fanfair R, Benedict K, Bos J, et al. Necrotizing cutaneous mucormycosis after a tornado in Joplin, Missouri, in 2011. N Engl J Med. 2012 Dec 6;367(23):2214-25.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1204781[11]Ribes JA, Vanover-Sams CL, Baker DJ. Zygomycetes in human disease. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2000 Apr;13(2):236-301.http://cmr.asm.org/content/13/2/236.long
易感的危险因素可能包括糖尿病、外周血管疾病、免疫功能受损、慢性肾功能或肝功能不全、水痘或带状疱疹、静脉给药或某些药物治疗(例如皮质类固醇)。[3]Hasham S, Matteucci P, Stanley PR, et al. Necrotising fasciitis. BMJ. 2005 Apr 9;330(7495):830-3. [Erratum in: BMJ. 2005 May 14;330(7500):1143.][4]Pasternack MS, Swartz MN. Cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, and subcutaneous tissue infections. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2015:1194-215.[7]Aronoff DM, Bloch KC. Assessing the relationship between the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and necrotizing fasciitis caused by group A streptococcus. Medicine (Baltimore). 2003 Jul;82(4):225-35.[12]Stevens DL, Aldape MJ, Bryant AE. Necrotizing fasciitis, gas gangrene, myositis and myonecrosis. In: Cohen J, Powderly WG, Opal SM, eds. Infectious diseases. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier; 2017:95–103.e1.[13]Hung TH, Tsai CC, Tsai CC, et al. Liver cirrhosis as a real risk factor for necrotising fasciitis: a three-year population-based follow-up study. Singapore Med J. 2014 Jul;55(7):378-82.https://sma.org.sg/UploadedImg/files/SMJ/5507/5507a5.pdf