案例
一位 35 岁女性因为右侧大腿疼痛和肿胀而入院。患者既往体健,入院前清晨发现右侧大腿出现一个脓疱。一天中,病变范围不断扩大,伴随疼痛、肿胀和发红加重,同时还伴有恶心、呕吐和谵妄的症状。她的体温为 37.5°C (99.5°F),脉搏 128 次/分,呼吸频率 20 次/分。血压为 85/60 mmHg。体格检查发现患者呈现病容,且有疼痛。右侧大腿上出现小面积质地较韧的皮肤破溃,周围发红和皮温升高;未触及波动感。她因疼痛无法主动屈伸右髋关节,右踝关节被动伸展时也出现疼痛。体温很快上升至 38.4°C (101°F),血压下降至 70/40 mmHg。血细胞比容为 42、白细胞计数为 5900/mm³(中性粒细胞占比 64%,带状细胞占比 19%)、血清肌酐 168 μmol/L (1.9 mg/dL),血清尿素 7.8 mmol/L (22 mg/dL)。增强 CT 扫描显示右大腿皮下组织呈弥漫性、非强化的蜂巢征。大腿后外侧呈现皮下条索和皮肤增厚表现;后外侧深筋膜也显著增厚。
其他表现
对于蜂窝织炎患者,如果有低血压、心动过速、呼吸急促、恶心、呕吐或谵妄等全身性症状或体征,应考虑坏死性筋膜炎。蜂窝织炎部位可能出现剧烈和持续的疼痛,或者出现相反的感觉麻木症状。对于某些病例,对蜂窝织炎区域进行皮肤检查可能发现底层硬结扩展至病灶以外的区域、瘀斑、水疱、大疱、皮肤变为灰白色或水肿。尽管使用了适量的抗生素,但蜂窝织炎仍迅速扩展,也应增加对坏死过程的怀疑。大约有一半的筋膜炎病例发生于四肢,其余的集中在会阴部、躯干和头颈部。[1]Hoadley DJ, Mark EJ. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 28-2002. A 35-year-old long-term traveler with a rapidly progressive soft-tissue infection. N Engl J Med. 2002 Sep 12;347(11):831-7.[2]Childers BJ, Potyondy LD, Nachreiner R, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis: a fourteen-year retrospective study of 163 consecutive patients. Am Surg. 2002 Feb;68(2):109-16.[3]Hasham S, Matteucci P, Stanley PR, et al. Necrotising fasciitis. BMJ. 2005 Apr 9;330(7495):830-3. [Erratum in: BMJ. 2005 May 14;330(7500):1143.][4]Pasternack MS, Swartz MN. Cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, and subcutaneous tissue infections. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2015:1194-215.[5]Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15;59(2):e10-52.https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/59/2/e10/2895845[6]Bisno AL, Stevens DL. Streptococcal infections of skin and soft tissues. N Engl J Med. 1996 Jan 25;334(4):240-5.[7]Aronoff DM, Bloch KC. Assessing the relationship between the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and necrotizing fasciitis caused by group A streptococcus. Medicine (Baltimore). 2003 Jul;82(4):225-35.
非典型性临床表现包括没有明显的皮肤损害的坏死性筋膜炎(大约 20% 的病例),或者因前庭大腺或肛周脓肿所致。 Fournier坏疽是缘于会阴部I 型坏死性筋膜炎的一种类型。[1]Hoadley DJ, Mark EJ. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 28-2002. A 35-year-old long-term traveler with a rapidly progressive soft-tissue infection. N Engl J Med. 2002 Sep 12;347(11):831-7.[2]Childers BJ, Potyondy LD, Nachreiner R, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis: a fourteen-year retrospective study of 163 consecutive patients. Am Surg. 2002 Feb;68(2):109-16.[3]Hasham S, Matteucci P, Stanley PR, et al. Necrotising fasciitis. BMJ. 2005 Apr 9;330(7495):830-3. [Erratum in: BMJ. 2005 May 14;330(7500):1143.][4]Pasternack MS, Swartz MN. Cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, and subcutaneous tissue infections. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2015:1194-215.[5]Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15;59(2):e10-52.https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/59/2/e10/2895845[6]Bisno AL, Stevens DL. Streptococcal infections of skin and soft tissues. N Engl J Med. 1996 Jan 25;334(4):240-5.[7]Aronoff DM, Bloch KC. Assessing the relationship between the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and necrotizing fasciitis caused by group A streptococcus. Medicine (Baltimore). 2003 Jul;82(4):225-35.