胆源性疼痛是胆石症最常见的症状,由于胆囊管阻塞或者胆结石阻塞和/或通过胆总管而产生。无症状胆石症患者中每年有 1-2% 会出现胆石症并发症,例如胆源性疼痛、胆囊炎、胆管炎或胰腺炎。[9]Gracie WA, Ransohoff DF. The natural history of silent gallstones: the innocent gallstone is not a myth. N Engl J Med. 1982 Sep 23;307(13):798-800.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7110244?tool=bestpractice.com[10]McSherry CK, Ferstenberg H, Calhoun WF, et al. The natural history of diagnosed gallstone disease in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Ann Surg. 1985 Jul;202(1):59-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4015212?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Friedman GD. Natural history of asymptomatic and symptomatic gallstones. Am J Surg. 1993 Apr;165(4):399-404.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8480871?tool=bestpractice.com 胆囊炎、胆管炎或者胰腺炎的特征在临床上可能会重叠,这就强调了精确的诊断性影像学检查的重要性。除了标准的实验室评估,有症状的胆石症患者最初选择影像学检查是腹部超声。下一个影像学检查方式的选择依靠临床对胆石症并发症的判断,常常需要做胆管造影。
病史因素
典型的胆道疼痛发生在右上腹部或者上腹部,有时候在餐后。这种持续的疼痛强度不断增加,而且持续数小时。短暂疼痛(<30 分钟)不是胆绞痛,而长时间疼痛(>5 小时)提示胆囊炎或者其他严重并发症。同时也经常伴随恶心。引起胆道梗阻的胆总管结石通常伴有黄疸,并且可能并发危及生命的脓毒症(急性胆管炎)。
应该确定危险因素,例如阳性家族史、肥胖和代谢综合征、使用某些药物(例如外源性雌激素、奥曲肽、含肠降血糖素的药物、[35]Faillie JL, Yu OH, Yin H, et al. Association of bile duct and gallbladder diseases with the use of incretin-based drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA Intern Med. 2016 Oct 1;176(10):1474-81.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27478902?tool=bestpractice.com 氯贝丁酯、头孢曲松)、末端回肠疾病、妊娠、糖尿病、代谢综合征、肝硬化和溶血性贫血(镰状细胞贫血或地中海贫血)。
体格检查
右上腹部或者上腹部触诊压痛是有症状胆石症患者体检时最常见的特征。急性胆囊炎患者的 Murphy 征,即触诊胆囊窝时吸气中止,对急性胆囊炎敏感性较高 (97%),但是特异性较低 (48%)。[45]Singer AJ, McCracken G, Henry MC, et al.Correlation among clinical, laboratory, and hepatobiliary scanning findings in patients with suspected acute cholecystitis. Ann Emerg Med. 1996 Sep;28(3):267-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8780468?tool=bestpractice.com 发热提示有胆石症的并发症,例如胆囊炎,而黄疸往往伴随胆管炎或胰腺炎。
实验室检查
单纯的胆道疼痛发作时,常规的血液检测,即 FBC 和肝生化检查,通常是正常的。WBC 计数升高提示急性胆囊炎、胆管炎、或者胰腺炎。胆总管结石阻塞通常与碱性磷酸酶和胆红素升高有关联。短暂的胆道阻塞后继而结石通过,导致在碱性磷酸酶升高前出现较早的一过性 ALT 升高。
右上腹部疼痛(伴或不伴有放射至后背)的患者应该检测淀粉酶和脂肪酶水平以排除胰腺炎。
影像学检查
所有疑似胆源性疼痛的患者首选初始检查是腹部超声,其结果会提示是否需要另外做影像学检查。[46]Ross M, Brown M, McLaughlin K, et al. Emergency physician-performed ultrasound to diagnose cholelithiasis: a systematic review. Acad Emerg Med. 2011 Mar;18(3):227-35.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21401784?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 急性胆囊炎合并结石的超声影像:箭头所指为胆囊底部结石及其下方的回声阴影由 Charles Bellows 和 W. Scott Helton 提供;经许可后使用 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 胆囊超声显示胆结石并特征性声影由 Kuojen Tsao 提供;经许可后使用 [Citation ends].
出现胆道疼痛时,如果腹部超声检查无明显发现,可能需要做腹部 CT 扫描以评估其他诊断并确定急性胆囊炎的潜在并发症(例如胆囊壁气肿、脓肿形成、穿孔)。[44]European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL). EASL clinical practice guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gallstones. J Hepatol. 2016 Jul;65(1):146-81.http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(16)30032-0/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27085810?tool=bestpractice.com 如果怀疑有胆总管结石,磁共振胰胆管造影术 (magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, MRCP) 是一项非常好的无创影像学检查方法,敏感性为 92%,特异性为 97%。[47]Romagnuolo J, Bardou M, Rahme E, et al. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography: a meta-analysis of test performance in suspected biliary disease. Ann Intern Med. 2003 Oct 7;139(7):547-57.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14530225?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Bahram M, Gaballa G. The value of pre-operative magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in management of patients with gall stones. Int J Surg. 2010;8(5):342-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20450989?tool=bestpractice.com
内镜检查
内镜超声扫描(EUS)和 MRCP 对于检查胆管结石有相似的精确度。然而,MRCP 对于发现小 (<5 mm) 的胆结石的敏感性降低 (65%)。有经验的医师操作内镜超声检查 (EUS) 能更精确地提示那些有发生胆管结石中低风险的患者(阴性影像学检查结果但阳性症状和/或血液检查),这些患者会从随后的内窥镜逆行性胆胰管造影 (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, ERCP) 获益。[49]Karakan T, Cindoruk M, Alagozlu H, et al. EUS versus endoscopic retrograde cholangiography for patients with intermediate probability of bile duct stones: a prospective randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009 Feb;69(2):244-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19019364?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Janssen J, Halboos A, Greiner L. EUS accurately predicts the need for therapeutic ERCP in patients with a low probability of biliary obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008 Sep;68(3):470-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18547571?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Lee YT, Chan FK, Leung WK, et al. Comparison of EUS and ERCP in the investigation with suspected biliary obstruction caused by choledocholithiasis: a randomized study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008 Apr;67(4):660-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18155205?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Liu CL, Fan ST, Lo CM, et al. Comparison of early endoscopic ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the management of acute biliary pancreatitis: a prospective randomized study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 Dec;3(12):1238-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16361050?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Polkowski M, Regula J, Tilszer A, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound versus endoscopic retrograde cholangiography for patients with intermediate probability of bile duct stones: a randomized trial comparing two management strategies. Endoscopy. 2007 Apr;39(4):296-303.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17427065?tool=bestpractice.com ERCP 是胆管结石高风险患者(影像学检查、症状和/或血液检查呈阳性)首选的干预措施,其既能诊断也能治疗(取出结石)。 [
]How does early routine endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography compare with early conservative management in people with acute gallstone pancreatitis?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.867/full显示答案