出汗不良性皮炎一般遵循着复发缓解交替这一病程,所以,大多数无需任何治疗即会消退;然而,患者会倾向于用治疗来缩短病程和防治这种令人不适的病情复发。
生活方式干预
患者应避免接触已确定的诱发或加重因素。应就维护有效皮肤屏障机制的策略为所有患者提供指导,例如,频繁使用润肤剂和避免接触刺激物。[19]Warshaw E. Therapeutic options for chronic hand dermatitis. Dermatol Ther. 2004;17:240-250.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15186370?tool=bestpractice.com患者应避免长时间的潮湿工作和强力清洁剂,并应在每次接触水后立即用大量润肤剂保湿,最好是以白色软石蜡为基质的产品。[19]Warshaw E. Therapeutic options for chronic hand dermatitis. Dermatol Ther. 2004;17:240-250.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15186370?tool=bestpractice.com除了这些措施,一些患者将需要进一步的辅助治疗:
瘙痒
多汗
多汗对于一些出汗不良性皮炎患者是一种加重因素。
在这小部分患者中,破坏汗腺排汗功能的治疗方式(例如,离子导入和 A 型肉毒素 (BTXA))可能有所帮助。[20]Swartling C, Naver H, Lindberg M, et al. Treatment of dyshidrotic hand dermatitis with intradermal botulinum toxin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47:667-671.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12399757?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Odia S, Vocks E, Rakoski J, et al. Successful treatment of dyshidrotic hand eczema using tap water iontophoresis with pulsed direct current. Acta Derm Venereol. 1996;76:472-474.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8982415?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Wollina U, Karamfilov T. Adjuvant botulinum toxin A in dyshidrotic hand eczema: a controlled prospective pilot study with left-right comparison. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2002;16:40-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11952288?tool=bestpractice.com减少多汗:有来自小型对照研究的低质量的证据表明,离子导入和 A 型肉毒素在减少发汗和改善结果方面已彰显效果。[20]Swartling C, Naver H, Lindberg M, et al. Treatment of dyshidrotic hand dermatitis with intradermal botulinum toxin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47:667-671.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12399757?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Odia S, Vocks E, Rakoski J, et al. Successful treatment of dyshidrotic hand eczema using tap water iontophoresis with pulsed direct current. Acta Derm Venereol. 1996;76:472-474.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8982415?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Wollina U, Karamfilov T. Adjuvant botulinum toxin A in dyshidrotic hand eczema: a controlled prospective pilot study with left-right comparison. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2002;16:40-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11952288?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
虽然 BTXA 可导致暂时手无力,但这些治疗相对安全。
A 型肉毒素优于离子导入。
镍过敏
[23]Veien NK, Kaaber K. Nickel, cobalt and chromium sensitivity in patients with pompholyx (dyshidrotic eczema). Contact Dermatitis. 1979;5:371-374.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/160856?tool=bestpractice.com 已有一些研究表明镍过敏患者的出汗不良性皮炎的恶化与镍相关的系统性作用之间的联系。
[24]Veien NK, Hattel T, Justesen O, et al. Dietary restrictions in the treatment of adult patients with eczema. Contact Dermatitis. 1987;17:223-228.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3427949?tool=bestpractice.com
通过斑片试验或口服激发试验以确定镍过敏后,镍过敏患者应严格避免接触含镍的所有物体。丁二铜肟试剂盒可用于测试常遇到的含镍物品。
已采取这些预防措施后,若患者仍然出现皮疹,一些作者则建议尝试降低全身性镍接触。[24]Veien NK, Hattel T, Justesen O, et al. Dietary restrictions in the treatment of adult patients with eczema. Contact Dermatitis. 1987;17:223-228.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3427949?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Veien NK, Hattel T, Justesen O, et al. Dietary treatment of nickel dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol. 1985;65:138-142.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2408416?tool=bestpractice.com对于那些通过斑片试验及口服激发试验证实患有镍过敏引起的顽固性出汗不良性皮炎且积极治疗的患者,低镍饮食证实有效。[24]Veien NK, Hattel T, Justesen O, et al. Dietary restrictions in the treatment of adult patients with eczema. Contact Dermatitis. 1987;17:223-228.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3427949?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Veien NK, Hattel T, Justesen O, et al. Dietary treatment of nickel dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol. 1985;65:138-142.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2408416?tool=bestpractice.com
其他证明可以降低镍的全身性作用的治疗方式如口服药物(例如双硫仑和色甘酸钠)及脱敏治疗。[26]Kaaber K, Menné T, Veien N, et al. Treatment of nickel dermatitis with Antabuse; a double blind study. Contact Dermatitis. 1983;9:297-299.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6352169?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Pigatto PD, Gibelli E, Fumagalli M, et al. Disodium cromoglycate versus diet in the treatment and prevention of nickel-positive pompholyx. Contact Dermatitis. 1990;22:27-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2138953?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Santucci B, Cristaudo A, Cannistraci C, et al. Nickel sensitivity: effects of prolonged oral intake of the element. Contact Dermatitis. 1988;19:202-205.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3191682?tool=bestpractice.com双硫仑代谢物可结合镍在内的二价金属,而色甘酸钠抑制肥大细胞脱颗粒。
镍定向疗法缺乏大规模的随机对照研究。
对患者进行生活方式干预无效
若采取生活方式干预后,疾病仍然存在,则常用局部皮质类固醇。[29]Veien NK, Olhom Larsen P, Thestrup-Pedersen K, et al. Long-term, intermittent treatment of chronic hand eczema with mometasone furoate. Br J Dermatol. 1999;140:882-886.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10354026?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Volden G. Successful treatment of chronic skin diseases with clobetasol propionate and a hydrocolloid occlusive dressing. Acta Derm Venereol. 1992;72:69-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1350154?tool=bestpractice.com疾病缓解:有中等质量的证据表明,在减少疾病复发方面,用糠酸莫米松进行治疗优于只利用润肤剂。[29]Veien NK, Olhom Larsen P, Thestrup-Pedersen K, et al. Long-term, intermittent treatment of chronic hand eczema with mometasone furoate. Br J Dermatol. 1999;140:882-886.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10354026?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。前几周可能需要强效制剂以控制病情,然后对于剩余疗程应逐渐减少剂量至弱效激素。
若存在有关局部皮质类固醇的皮肤萎缩担忧,则用局部免疫调节剂(例如他克莫司和吡美莫司)可能有助于长期维护。[31]Schnopp C, Remling R, Möhrenschlager M, et al. Topical tacrolimus (FK 506) and mometasone furoate in the treatment of dyshidrotic palmar eczema: A randomized, observer-blinded trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46:73-77.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11756949?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Belsito DV, Fowler JF Jr, Marks JG Jr, et al. Pimecrolimus cream 1%: a potential new treatment for chronic hand dermatitis. Cutis. 2004;73:31-38.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14964629?tool=bestpractice.com减少疾病严重性评分:有低质量的证据表明,在减少出汗不良性皮炎疾病活动方面,局部他克莫司堪比局部糠酸莫米他松。[31]Schnopp C, Remling R, Möhrenschlager M, et al. Topical tacrolimus (FK 506) and mometasone furoate in the treatment of dyshidrotic palmar eczema: A randomized, observer-blinded trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46:73-77.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11756949?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。然而,局部免疫调节剂无法很好地穿透较厚皮肤,因此如果将这些试剂用在较厚的角质化皮肤,则应考虑角质剥脱剂(如含尿素霜)以促进吸收。[31]Schnopp C, Remling R, Möhrenschlager M, et al. Topical tacrolimus (FK 506) and mometasone furoate in the treatment of dyshidrotic palmar eczema: A randomized, observer-blinded trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46:73-77.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11756949?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Belsito DV, Fowler JF Jr, Marks JG Jr, et al. Pimecrolimus cream 1%: a potential new treatment for chronic hand dermatitis. Cutis. 2004;73:31-38.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14964629?tool=bestpractice.com
在要求治疗升级的选定患者中可能需要生活方式干预,因单独的生活方式干预不会成功。
对局部治疗无反应的患者
若利用局部皮质类固醇并未改善患者症状和体征,则短疗程口服泼尼松龙可能有所帮助。[1]Fowler JF Jr, Storrs FJ. Nickel allergy and dyshidrotic eczema: are they related? Am J Contact Dermatol. 2001;12:119-121.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11381350?tool=bestpractice.com因众所周知的不良反应,不鼓励长期使用口服皮质类固醇。如有必要,可能继续局部皮质类固醇和生活方式干预治疗。
顽固性疾病
可考虑使用光疗或免疫抑制剂。应首先尝试局部补骨脂素(例如,甲氧补骨脂素)加用长波紫外线(补骨脂素光化学疗法 (PUVA))。[33]Davis MD, McEvoy M, el-Azhary RA. Topical psoralen-ultraviolet A therapy for palmoplantar dermatoses: experience with 35 consecutive patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 1998;73:407-411.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9581579?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Schempp CM, Müller H, Czech W, et al. Treatment of chronic palmoplantar eczema with local bath-PUVA therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;36:733-737.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9146535?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Behrens S, von Kobyletzki G, Gruss C, et al. PUVA-bath photochemotherapy (PUVA-soak therapy) of recalcitrant dermatoses of the palms and soles. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 1999;15:47-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10321515?tool=bestpractice.com减少治疗抵抗的病例中疾病活动:有来自回顾性研究、病例系列以及临床试验的低质量的证据表明,局部补骨脂素和光化学疗法 (PUVA) 减少局部疗法难治性患者中的疾病活动。[33]Davis MD, McEvoy M, el-Azhary RA. Topical psoralen-ultraviolet A therapy for palmoplantar dermatoses: experience with 35 consecutive patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 1998;73:407-411.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9581579?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Schempp CM, Müller H, Czech W, et al. Treatment of chronic palmoplantar eczema with local bath-PUVA therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;36:733-737.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9146535?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Behrens S, von Kobyletzki G, Gruss C, et al. PUVA-bath photochemotherapy (PUVA-soak therapy) of recalcitrant dermatoses of the palms and soles. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 1999;15:47-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10321515?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 口服补骨脂素和光化学疗法 (PUVA) 可作为二线选择。
口服免疫抑制剂已成功用于一些对常规治疗无效的出汗不良性皮炎病例,并可用于对光疗无反应的顽固性疾病。[36]Egan CA, Rallis TM, Meadows KP, et al. Low-dose oral methotrexate treatment for recalcitrant palmoplantar pompholyx. J Am Acad Derm. 1999;40:612-614.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10188683?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Scerri L. Azathioprine in dermatological practice. An overview with special emphasis on its use in non-bullous inflammatory dermatoses. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1999;455:343-348.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10599368?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Granlund H, Erkko P, Eriksson E, et al. Comparison of cyclosporine and topical betamethasone-17, 21-dipropionate in the treatment of severe chronic hand eczema. Acta Derm Venereol. 1996;76:371-376.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8891011?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Pickenäcker A, Luger TA, Schwartz T. Dyshidrotic eczema treated with mycophenolate mofetil. Arch Dermatol. 1998;134:378-379.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9521043?tool=bestpractice.com然而,针对治疗出汗不良性皮炎疗效的证据有限。减少治疗抵抗的病例中的疾病活动:有来自病例报告或系列或图表评论以及单一随机对照试验的低质量的证据表明,这些药剂可减少局部治疗难治性患者中的疾病活动。[36]Egan CA, Rallis TM, Meadows KP, et al. Low-dose oral methotrexate treatment for recalcitrant palmoplantar pompholyx. J Am Acad Derm. 1999;40:612-614.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10188683?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Scerri L. Azathioprine in dermatological practice. An overview with special emphasis on its use in non-bullous inflammatory dermatoses. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1999;455:343-348.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10599368?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Granlund H, Erkko P, Eriksson E, et al. Comparison of cyclosporine and topical betamethasone-17, 21-dipropionate in the treatment of severe chronic hand eczema. Acta Derm Venereol. 1996;76:371-376.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8891011?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Pickenäcker A, Luger TA, Schwartz T. Dyshidrotic eczema treated with mycophenolate mofetil. Arch Dermatol. 1998;134:378-379.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9521043?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。如有必要,可能继续局部皮质类固醇和生活方式干预治疗。