没有任何一种简单的治疗方法适用于所有患者,另外因酒渣鼻难以治疗,其结果往往令人失望。其治疗药物也需要通过不断地尝试“试错方式”才能获得一个最佳治疗方案。因此应告知患者,他们的疾病虽然经过治疗可以得到很大的改善,但完全治愈的情况很罕见。酒渣鼻患者将患病终身,其病情有时能得到很好的控制,有时会出现间歇性发作。[7]Elewski BE, Draelos Z, Dréno B, et al. Rosacea - global diversity and optimized outcome: proposed international consensus from the Rosacea International Expert Group. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011 Feb;25(2):188-200.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20586834?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Segarra-Newnham M, Karimi S. Overview of the pharmacologic options for rosacea. J Pharm Technol. 2009 Nov;25(6):368-73.http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/875512250902500604[14]van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Carter B, et al. Interventions for rosacea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Apr 28;(4):CD003262.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003262.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25919144?tool=bestpractice.com
治疗方案应根据临床表现的严重程度决定。[15]Schaller M, Almeida LM, Bewley A, et al. Rosacea treatment update: recommendations from the global ROSacea COnsensus (ROSCO) panel. Br J Dermatol. 2017 Feb;176(2):465-71.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjd.15173/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27861741?tool=bestpractice.com 通常情况下,初始治疗选择局部外用甲硝唑,或者在出现更严重的临床表现时,可口服多西环素等四环素类药物。此时是在利用抗生素(例如多西环素)的抗炎作用,而不是其抗菌性能。[14]van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Carter B, et al. Interventions for rosacea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Apr 28;(4):CD003262.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003262.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25919144?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Di Nardo A, Holmes AD, Muto Y, et al. Improved clinical outcome and biomarkers in adults with papulopustular rosacea treated with doxycycline modified-release capsules in a randomized trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016 Jun;74(6):1086-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26951940?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Del Rosso JQ, Bruce S, Jarratt M, et al. Efficacy of topical azelaic acid (AzA) gel 15% plus oral doxycycline 40 mg versus metronidazole gel 1% plus oral doxycycline 40 mg in mild-to-moderate papulopustular rosacea. J Drugs Dermatol. 2010 Jun;9(6):607-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20645521?tool=bestpractice.com[18]McKeage K, Deeks ED. Doxycycline 40 mg capsules (30 mg immediate-release/10 mg delayed-release beads): anti-inflammatory dose in rosacea. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2010;11(3):217-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20369903?tool=bestpractice.com另外,中度病例可以添加局部外用和/或口服抗炎药。对于标准治疗无效的严重酒渣鼻患者,可合理采用多管齐下的治疗方法。联合治疗包括局部和口服抗炎药以及使用抗生素。通常,对于更为严重的病例,应给予 2 种以上不同疗法进行治疗。[13]Segarra-Newnham M, Karimi S. Overview of the pharmacologic options for rosacea. J Pharm Technol. 2009 Nov;25(6):368-73.http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/875512250902500604[14]van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Carter B, et al. Interventions for rosacea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Apr 28;(4):CD003262.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003262.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25919144?tool=bestpractice.com[19]van Zuuren EJ, Gupta AK, Gover MD, et al. Systematic review of rosacea treatments. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007 Jan;56(1):107-15.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17190628?tool=bestpractice.com
治疗应根据个人反应决定是病情改善即停药,还是无限期地给予维持治疗。如果有活动性炎症存在,口服药物可以较快缓解。因为酒渣鼻无法治愈,因此其治疗时间是不确定的。最好的情况是病情得到明显改善,很少需要治疗或仅在间歇性发作时给予治疗。医生没有办法预测谁会从治疗中获得最大益处,谁可以不需要药物维持。在经过 6 至 12 个月的持续治疗后,可以考虑逐渐减少用药剂量,以确定能控制体征和症状的药物最低剂量。一般来说,无限期小剂量持续治疗可以维持症状和体征最少的状态。但对于非常严重的酒渣鼻,中断治疗后症状会即刻反弹。
亚型1(红斑毛细血管扩张型)、亚型2(皮疹脓疱型)和轻度的亚型3(肥大型)
对于较轻的情况最常用的初始治疗是局部使用甲硝唑。[19]van Zuuren EJ, Gupta AK, Gover MD, et al. Systematic review of rosacea treatments. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007 Jan;56(1):107-15.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17190628?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Nielsen PG. Treatment of rosacea with 1% metronidazole cream. A double-blind study. Br J Dermatol. 1983 Mar;108(3):327-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6219689?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Jorizzo JL, Lebwohl M, Tobey RE. The efficacy of metronidazole 1% cream once daily compared with metronidazole 1% cream twice daily and their vehicles in rosacea: a double-blind clinical trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998 Sep;39(3):502-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9738794?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Dahl MV, Katz HI, Krueger GG, et al. Topical metronidazole maintains remissions of rosacea. Arch Dermatol. 1998 Jun;134(6):679-83.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/189144http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9645635?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Fowler JF Jr. Combined effect of anti-inflammatory dose doxycycline (40-mg doxycycline, usp monohydrate controlled-release capsules) and metronidazole topical gel 1% in the treatment of rosacea. J Drugs Dermatol. 2007 Jun;6(6):641-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17668530?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Wolf JE Jr, Del Rosso JQ. The CLEAR trial: results of a large community-based study of metronidazole gel in rosacea. Cutis. 2007 Jan;79(1):73-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17330626?tool=bestpractice.com减少炎性病变和红斑:有中等质量证据表明,局部外用1%甲硝唑霜与安慰剂相比,可减少炎性病变和红斑。[20]Nielsen PG. Treatment of rosacea with 1% metronidazole cream. A double-blind study. Br J Dermatol. 1983 Mar;108(3):327-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6219689?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Jorizzo JL, Lebwohl M, Tobey RE. The efficacy of metronidazole 1% cream once daily compared with metronidazole 1% cream twice daily and their vehicles in rosacea: a double-blind clinical trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998 Sep;39(3):502-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9738794?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Dahl MV, Katz HI, Krueger GG, et al. Topical metronidazole maintains remissions of rosacea. Arch Dermatol. 1998 Jun;134(6):679-83.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/189144http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9645635?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Wolf JE Jr, Del Rosso JQ. The CLEAR trial: results of a large community-based study of metronidazole gel in rosacea. Cutis. 2007 Jan;79(1):73-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17330626?tool=bestpractice.com 常用的治疗方法是使用膏或凝胶来减轻炎性皮疹。其他治疗方法包括如壬二酸和磺胺醋酰/硫。[25]Solomon JA, Tyring S, Staedtler G, et al. Investigator-reported efficacy of azelaic acid foam 15% in patients with papulopustular rosacea: secondary efficacy outcomes from a randomized, controlled, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Cutis. 2016 Sep;98(3):187-94.https://www.mdedge.com/cutis/article/111439/rosacea/investigator-reported-efficacy-azelaic-acid-foam-15-patientshttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27814413?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Thiboutot DM, Fleischer AB, Del Rosso JQ, et al. A multicenter study of topical azelaic acid 15% gel in combination with oral doxycycline as initial therapy and azelaic acid 15% gel as maintenance monotherapy. J Drugs Dermatol. 2009 Jul;8(7):639-48.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19588640?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Thiboutot DM, Fleischer AB Jr, Del Rosso JQ, et al. Azelaic acid 15% gel once daily versus twice daily in papulopustular rosacea. J Drugs Dermatol. 2008 Jun;7(6):541-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18561584?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How do topical azelaic acid or topical metronidazole compare with placebo for improving outcomes in people with rosacea?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1472/full显示答案
在美国已批准此病症可用壬二酸进行治疗。[17]Del Rosso JQ, Bruce S, Jarratt M, et al. Efficacy of topical azelaic acid (AzA) gel 15% plus oral doxycycline 40 mg versus metronidazole gel 1% plus oral doxycycline 40 mg in mild-to-moderate papulopustular rosacea. J Drugs Dermatol. 2010 Jun;9(6):607-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20645521?tool=bestpractice.com
事实上很多临床医生首选局部外用甲硝唑,口服四环素,也是有效的替代选择。[14]van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Carter B, et al. Interventions for rosacea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Apr 28;(4):CD003262.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003262.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25919144?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Nielsen PG. Treatment of rosacea with 1% metronidazole cream. A double-blind study. Br J Dermatol. 1983 Mar;108(3):327-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6219689?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Sneddon IB. A clinical trial of tetracycline in rosacea. Br J Dermatol. 1966 Dec;78(12):649-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4224811?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Sauer GC. Safety of long-term tetracycline therapy for acne. Arch Dermatol. 1976 Nov;112(11):1603-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/136229?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Weston WL, Morelli JG. Steroid rosacea in prepubertal children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000 Jan;154(1):62-4.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/348509http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10632252?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Conde JF, Yelverton CB, Balkrishnan R, et al. Managing rosacea: a review of the use of metronidazole alone and in combination with oral antibiotics. J Drugs Dermatol. 2007 May;6(5):495-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17679183?tool=bestpractice.com提高反应:有中等质量证据表明,与安慰剂比较,使用四环素可显著改善症状。[28]Sneddon IB. A clinical trial of tetracycline in rosacea. Br J Dermatol. 1966 Dec;78(12):649-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4224811?tool=bestpractice.com 特别地,口服多西环素可以减少痤疮样和角膜炎症状。[14]van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Carter B, et al. Interventions for rosacea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Apr 28;(4):CD003262.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003262.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25919144?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Del Rosso JQ, Bruce S, Jarratt M, et al. Efficacy of topical azelaic acid (AzA) gel 15% plus oral doxycycline 40 mg versus metronidazole gel 1% plus oral doxycycline 40 mg in mild-to-moderate papulopustular rosacea. J Drugs Dermatol. 2010 Jun;9(6):607-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20645521?tool=bestpractice.com[18]McKeage K, Deeks ED. Doxycycline 40 mg capsules (30 mg immediate-release/10 mg delayed-release beads): anti-inflammatory dose in rosacea. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2010;11(3):217-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20369903?tool=bestpractice.com 当多西环素治疗和局部外用甲硝唑治疗失败后,可以考虑服用其他口服抗生素,例如甲硝唑、氨苄青霉素、甲氧苄氨嘧啶/磺胺甲恶唑、米诺环素、阿奇霉素和克拉霉素。[31]Conde JF, Yelverton CB, Balkrishnan R, et al. Managing rosacea: a review of the use of metronidazole alone and in combination with oral antibiotics. J Drugs Dermatol. 2007 May;6(5):495-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17679183?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Mostafa FF, El Harras MA, Gomaa SM, et al. Comparative study of some treatment modalities of rosacea. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009 Jan;23(1):22-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18705632?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Akhyani M, Ehsani AH, Ghiasi M, et al. Comparison of efficacy of azithromycin vs. doxycycline in the treatment of rosacea: a randomized open clinical trial. Int J Dermatol. 2008 Mar;47(3):284-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18289334?tool=bestpractice.com
局部抗生素例如红霉素和克林霉素不常用,但他们可在其他局部抗生素治疗失败,或患者有其他局部抗生素过敏的情况下使用。它们可以与口服抗生素一起使用。一些研究指出还可使用局部抗真菌药物(例如酮康唑),但支持该药使用的原始数据源比较少。[26]Thiboutot DM, Fleischer AB, Del Rosso JQ, et al. A multicenter study of topical azelaic acid 15% gel in combination with oral doxycycline as initial therapy and azelaic acid 15% gel as maintenance monotherapy. J Drugs Dermatol. 2009 Jul;8(7):639-48.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19588640?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Thiboutot DM, Fleischer AB Jr, Del Rosso JQ, et al. Azelaic acid 15% gel once daily versus twice daily in papulopustular rosacea. J Drugs Dermatol. 2008 Jun;7(6):541-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18561584?tool=bestpractice.com
溴莫尼定是一种局部用药物,已经在欧洲获批多年。早在2013年,该药就获得美国食品和药物管理局 (FDA) 的批准,且FDA肯定了它的疗效。它的作用机制是血管收缩,因此是治疗亚型 1 患者的首选治疗。然而,临床医生在选择患者方面必须小心谨慎。最佳患者是以面部发红或红斑为主要的问题,其毛细血管扩张不明显。治疗预期目标是将全身发红症状减至最小。由于显著的毛细血管扩张可能会因溴莫尼定治疗而加重,因而这些患者可能不会察觉到全身发红症状的减轻。溴莫尼定还可作为亚型 2 和 3 红斑症状的辅助治疗方法。[34]Layton AM, Schaller M, Homey B, et al. Brimonidine gel 0.33% rapidly improves patient-reported outcomes by controlling facial erythema of rosacea: a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015 Dec;29(12):2405-10.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jdv.13305/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26416154?tool=bestpractice.com 但对丘疹、脓疱和鼻赘等改变没有任何疗效。
一些患者需要与其他局部外用/全身性治疗药物相结合的联合治疗。通常情况下,临床医生或患者可能不满意仅采用抗生素治疗的效果,此时可以和其他药物合并使用。局部治疗方案包括局部使用壬二酸、磺胺醋酰/硫和过氧化苯甲酰。[26]Thiboutot DM, Fleischer AB, Del Rosso JQ, et al. A multicenter study of topical azelaic acid 15% gel in combination with oral doxycycline as initial therapy and azelaic acid 15% gel as maintenance monotherapy. J Drugs Dermatol. 2009 Jul;8(7):639-48.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19588640?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Thiboutot DM, Fleischer AB Jr, Del Rosso JQ, et al. Azelaic acid 15% gel once daily versus twice daily in papulopustular rosacea. J Drugs Dermatol. 2008 Jun;7(6):541-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18561584?tool=bestpractice.com 重要的是要定期评估反应和监测药物的副作用。一些患者局部使用壬二酸可产生刺激反应,被认为是酒渣鼻恶化的一个原因。[35]Colón LE, Johnson LA, Gottschalk RW. Cumulative irritation potential among metronidazole gel 1%, metronidazole gel 0.75%, and azelaic acid gel 15%. Cutis. 2007 Apr;79(4):317-21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17500380?tool=bestpractice.com 二线辅助治疗选择包括口服异维 A 酸、外用维 A 酸和螺内酯,适用于中度到重度亚型 2 患者(丘疹脓疱型)。对于某些酒渣鼻患者,尤其是丘疹脓疱型酒渣鼻或有更多炎症变异的患者,外用抗寄生虫药物伊维菌素已被证明是一种相对于其他治疗方案的有效替代药物。[10]Abokwidir M, Fleischer AB Jr. Additional evidence that rosacea pathogenesis may involve demodex: new information from the topical efficacy of ivermectin and praziquantel. Dermatol Online J. 2015 Sep 17;21(9):13030/qt13v249f5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26437294?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Taieb A, Khemis A, Ruzicka T, et al; Ivermectin Phase III Study Group. Maintenance of remission following successful treatment of papulopustular rosacea with ivermectin 1% cream vs. metronidazole 0.75% cream: 36-week extension of the ATTRACT randomized study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016 May;30(5):829-36.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26691278?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Siddiqui K, Stein Gold L, Gill J. The efficacy, safety, and tolerability of ivermectin compared with current topical treatments for the inflammatory lesions of rosacea: a network meta-analysis. Springerplus. 2016 Jul 22;5(1):1151.https://springerplus.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40064-016-2819-8http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27504249?tool=bestpractice.com
重度亚型3
对于重度肥大型酒渣鼻患者,主要的治疗方式是一些有创的措施。根据临床经验,有效的治疗包括:手术削皮、电外科手术、二氧化碳激光治疗、氩激光、冷冻疗法、Nd:YAG 激光器、肖氏手术刀。[38]Berth-Jones J, Clark SM, Henderson CA. Rosacea and perioral dermatitis. In: Lebwohl MG, Heymann WR, Berth-Jones J, et al, eds. Treatment of skin disease. Edinburgh: Mosby; 2002:561-7.[39]Krupashankar DS; IADVL Dermatosurgery Task Force. Standard guidelines of care: CO2 laser for removal of benign skin lesions and resurfacing. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2008 Jan;74 Suppl:S61-7.http://www.ijdvl.com/article.asp?issn=0378-6323;year=2008;volume=74;issue=7;spage=61;epage=67;aulast=Krupashankarhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18688106?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Metelitsa AI, Alster TS. Fractionated laser skin resurfacing treatment complications: a review. Dermatol Surg. 2010 Mar;36(3):299-306.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2009.01434.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20100273?tool=bestpractice.com改善肥大型酒糟鼻的鼻外观:有低级质量证据表明医用电烧方法、二氧化碳激光、氩激光器和Nd:YAG激光有效地改善肥大型酒糟鼻的鼻外观。[41]Clark DP, Hanke CW. Electrosurgical treatment of rhinophyma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990 May;22(5 Pt 1):831-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2140840?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Greenbaum SS, Krull EA, Watnick K. Comparison of CO2 laser and electrosurgery in the treatment of rhinophyma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1988 Feb;18(2 Pt 1):363-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2964461?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Halsebergen-Henning JP, van Gemert MJ. Rhinophyma treated by argon laser. Lasers Surg Med. 1983;2(3):211-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6221166?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Wenig BL, Weingarten RT. Excision of rhinophyma with Nd:YAG laser: a new technique. Laryngoscope. 1993 Jan;103(1 Pt 1):101-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8421411?tool=bestpractice.com
电切术治疗被认为是经济的、并发症较少并可取得良好美容效果的治疗方法。[41]Clark DP, Hanke CW. Electrosurgical treatment of rhinophyma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990 May;22(5 Pt 1):831-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2140840?tool=bestpractice.com
一项CO2激光与电外科手术对比的研究结果发现,两者美容结果相似,但是电切术的成本效益更好。[39]Krupashankar DS; IADVL Dermatosurgery Task Force. Standard guidelines of care: CO2 laser for removal of benign skin lesions and resurfacing. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2008 Jan;74 Suppl:S61-7.http://www.ijdvl.com/article.asp?issn=0378-6323;year=2008;volume=74;issue=7;spage=61;epage=67;aulast=Krupashankarhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18688106?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Greenbaum SS, Krull EA, Watnick K. Comparison of CO2 laser and electrosurgery in the treatment of rhinophyma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1988 Feb;18(2 Pt 1):363-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2964461?tool=bestpractice.com
一项使用氩激光治疗的研究显示,此治疗方法可以减少脓疱病,使皮肤光滑,鼻子外观也更自然。[43]Halsebergen-Henning JP, van Gemert MJ. Rhinophyma treated by argon laser. Lasers Surg Med. 1983;2(3):211-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6221166?tool=bestpractice.com
冷冻疗法没有瘢痕产生,效果令人满意。[45]Sonnex TS, Dawber RP. Rhinophyma-treatment by liquid nitrogen spray cryosurgery. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1986 May;11(3):284-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2943539?tool=bestpractice.com
这两种激光治疗方法的存在已完全取代了手术外科治疗[44]Wenig BL, Weingarten RT. Excision of rhinophyma with Nd:YAG laser: a new technique. Laryngoscope. 1993 Jan;103(1 Pt 1):101-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8421411?tool=bestpractice.com 以及“热刀”(肖氏手术刀、热手术刀)[46]Eisen RF, Katz AE, Bohigian RK, et al. Surgical treatment of rhinophyma with the Shaw scalpel. Arch Dermatol. 1986 Mar;122(3):307-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2937366?tool=bestpractice.com
如果使用这些治疗措施未能获得良好的临床结果,则应考虑异维 A 酸治疗。异维 A 酸有致畸的作用,所有女性在服用这种药物前应进行妊娠测试,且在服药期间每月都要进行检测。在英国,异维 A 酸只能在妊娠预防项目 (Pregnancy Prevention Programme) 中为患者开具,MHRA: oral retinoids - pregnancy prevention 而在美国,此药仅能通过 iPLEDGE 系统开具。iPledge system (for isotretinoin prescribing) 这些计划旨在减少与这种药有关的新生儿出生缺陷的数量。
亚型4(眼型)
酒渣鼻患者中,眼部表现比较常见,并且会伴有更明显的面部症状;然而,很多临床医师在实践中难以识别此种亚型。[5]Powell FC. Clinical practice. Rosacea. New Engl J Med. 2005 Feb 24;352(8):793-803.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp042829http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15728812?tool=bestpractice.com[47]College of Optometrists. Clinical management guidelines: ocular rosacea. Mar 2016 [internet publication].https://www.college-optometrists.org/guidance/clinical-management-guidelines/ocular-rosacea.html 眼部表现的发生没有固定的时帧,眼部表现可能会先于或后于皮肤症状,或同时发生。
初始的治疗方法包括人工泪液,用温水清洗眼睑,每日2次。如果患者的眼部症状对治疗无反应,可以加用外用甲硝唑凝胶。外用夫西地酸在一些国家作为外用甲硝唑的一种替代方法。
用于亚型 2 和亚型 3 酒渣鼻的口服抗生素在眼红斑痤疮治疗中有效,且可作为一线疗法。[47]College of Optometrists. Clinical management guidelines: ocular rosacea. Mar 2016 [internet publication].https://www.college-optometrists.org/guidance/clinical-management-guidelines/ocular-rosacea.html 对于眼红斑痤疮的患者(即症状局限于眼部的亚型 4 患者),滴液治疗似乎最合适。然而对于其他类型的酒渣鼻患者,除了疾病的眼部表现,可考虑口服抗生素作为一线治疗。局部外用0.05%环孢菌素已被证明是一种有效治疗酒渣鼻眼睑和角膜病变的方法。[48]Schechter BA, Katz RS, Friedman LS, et al. Efficacy of topical cyclosporine for the treatment of ocular rosacea. Adv Ther. 2009 Jun;26(6):651-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19551353?tool=bestpractice.com
对于中度的眼酒渣鼻,口服抗生素辅助治疗已被证明是有效的。对于接受土霉素治疗的患者,其症状与体征的缓解率明显高于安慰剂。[49]Bartholomew RS, Reid BJ, Cheesbrough, et al. Oxytetracycline in the treatment of ocular rosacea: a double-blind trial. Br J Ophthalmol. 1982 Jun;66(6):386-8.http://bjo.bmj.com/content/bjophthalmol/66/6/386.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6211188?tool=bestpractice.com提高反应:有中等质量证据表明,与安慰剂比较,使用四环素可显著改善症状。[28]Sneddon IB. A clinical trial of tetracycline in rosacea. Br J Dermatol. 1966 Dec;78(12):649-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4224811?tool=bestpractice.com 同样地,口服多西环素也被证明是有效的。[50]Quarterman MJ, Johnson DW, Abele DC, et al. Ocular rosacea: signs, symptoms, and tear studies before and after treatment with doxycycline. Arch Dermatol. 1997 Jan;133(1):49-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9006372?tool=bestpractice.com 阿奇霉素可能是一个治疗眼酒渣鼻伴有肥大型酒渣鼻潜在的替代疗法。[51]Bakar O, Demircay Z, Toker E, et al. Ocular signs, symptoms and tear function tests of papulopustular rosacea patients receiving azithromycin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009 May;23(5):544-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19250326?tool=bestpractice.com
毛细血管扩张
在许多病例中,毛细血管扩张是困扰患者最大的病征。激光治疗已成为立即缓解毛细血管扩张和一些背景红斑(持续潮红/血管舒张)的主要治疗方法。脉冲染料激光器 (585-595 nm) 是最常作为首选的激光治疗。这种治疗既可以最大程度地减轻脸红斑性潮红症状,也可以祛除面部明显的毛细血管扩张。有研究表明,脉冲染料激光治疗的疗效可通过与他克莫司软膏联合治疗而显著增加。[52]Huang YE, Li XL, Li TJ. Clinical research of topical tacrolimus ointment combined with 585 nm pulsed dye laser in the treatment of rosacea [in Chinese]. J Clin Dermatol. 2012;41(5):308-9. 可能在治疗期间的任何时候提供激光治疗。[53]Neuhaus IM, Zane LT, Tope WD. Comparative efficacy of nonpurpuragenic pulsed dye laser and intense pulsed light for erythematotelangiectatic rosacea. Dermatol Surg. 2009 Jun;35(6):920-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19397667?tool=bestpractice.com