婴幼儿血管瘤在2014年4月更新版国际脉管异常研究学会的分类中被归类为血管肿瘤。International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies: classification for vascular anomalies 这类结构的肿瘤有生长和内皮细胞增殖的特点。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 根据国际血管异常研究学会分类的婴幼儿血管瘤实例国际血管异常研究协会;获准使用 [Citation ends].
临床分类[4]Requena L, Sangueza OP. Cutaneous vascular proliferations. Part II. Hyperplasias and benign neoplasms. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997 Dec;37(6):887-919.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9418757?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Wananukul S. Clinical manifestation and management of hemangiomas of infancy. J Med Assoc Thai. 2002 Jun;85(suppl 1):S280-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12188424?tool=bestpractice.com
浅表型
深部
混合型(浅表型和深层)
形态学分类[6]Haggstrom AN, Lammer EJ, Schneider RA, et al. Patterns of infantile hemangiomas: new clues to hemangioma pathogenesis and embryonic facial development. Pediatrics. 2006 Mar;117(3):698-703.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16510649?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Chiller KG, Passaro D, Friedan IJ. Hemangiomas of infancy: clinical characteristics, morphologic subtypes, and their relationship to race, ethnicity and sex. Arch Dermatol. 2002 Dec;138(12):1567-76.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/479106http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12472344?tool=bestpractice.com
局部
节段型
似乎起源广泛;可能与潜在的异常相关,如PHACES综合征(后颅窝畸形、血管瘤、动脉异常、主动脉缩窄和心脏缺陷、眼异常,以及胸锁或脐上异常)或LUMBAR综合征(婴幼儿下半躯体血管瘤及其他皮肤缺损、泌尿生殖系统异常和溃疡、脊髓病、骨性畸形、肛门直肠畸形和动脉异常,以及肾脏异常)。[1]Krowchuk DP, Frieden IJ, Mancini AJ, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of infantile hemangiomas. Pediatrics. 2019 Jan;143(1): e20183475.https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/143/1/e20183475.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30584062?tool=bestpractice.com
未分类型
临床变异型和特殊注意事项
节段型血管瘤可能与潜在的异常相关。节段型颈面部血管瘤可能与大脑、脑血管、眼睛、胸骨和(或)主动脉的结构异常有关。这种神经皮肤疾病被称为 PHACE(S) 综合征,是后颅窝畸形、血管瘤、血管病变、心脏异常/主动脉缩窄、眼睛异常和胸骨裂隙或脐上囊肿的英文首字母缩写。[8]Metry D, Heyer G, Hess C, et al. Consensus statement on diagnostic criteria for PHACE syndrome. Pediatrics. 2009 Nov;124(5):1447-56.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19858157?tool=bestpractice.com 患有节段型面颈部血管瘤的婴幼儿需要接受眼科检查、超声心动图检查,还可能需要接受中枢神经系统影像学检查。
胡须血管瘤:位于脸下部和颈部的血管瘤,与喉血管瘤有关。[1]Krowchuk DP, Frieden IJ, Mancini AJ, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of infantile hemangiomas. Pediatrics. 2019 Jan;143(1): e20183475.https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/143/1/e20183475.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30584062?tool=bestpractice.com 进行性喘鸣是一种令人担忧的体征。对于胡须分布区域患血管瘤的婴儿,应转诊给耳鼻喉科医生,以进行进一步的评估和可能的内窥镜检查。[1]Krowchuk DP, Frieden IJ, Mancini AJ, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of infantile hemangiomas. Pediatrics. 2019 Jan;143(1): e20183475.https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/143/1/e20183475.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30584062?tool=bestpractice.com
腰骶部血管瘤:血管瘤位于腰骶部可能提示椎管闭合不全。其他相关畸形,包括脊髓栓系、肾脏和骨骼异常。磁共振成像 (MRI) 是关键检查。[1]Krowchuk DP, Frieden IJ, Mancini AJ, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of infantile hemangiomas. Pediatrics. 2019 Jan;143(1): e20183475.https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/143/1/e20183475.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30584062?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Goldberg NS, Hebert AA, Esterly NB. Sacral hemangioma and multiple congenital abnormalities. Arch Dermatol. 1986 Jun;122(6):684-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3717979?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Grevelink SV, Mulliken JB. Vascular anomalies and tumors of skin and subcutaneous tissues. In: Freedberg IM, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, et al, eds. Fitzpatrick's dermatology in general medicine. Vol. 1. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2003:1002-26. 节段型会阴部血管瘤应警惕LUMBAR综合征,指婴幼儿下半躯体血管瘤及其他皮肤缺损、泌尿生殖系统异常和溃疡、脊髓病、骨性畸形、肛门直肠畸形和动脉异常,以及肾脏异常。[1]Krowchuk DP, Frieden IJ, Mancini AJ, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of infantile hemangiomas. Pediatrics. 2019 Jan;143(1): e20183475.https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/143/1/e20183475.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30584062?tool=bestpractice.com
婴幼儿多发性血管瘤(以前称为新生儿弥漫性血管瘤):具有多处皮肤血管瘤的婴儿可能患有多个内脏器官的血管瘤。[11]Glick ZR, Frieden IJ, Garzon MC, et al. Diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis: an evidence-based review of case reports in the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012 Nov;67(5):898-903.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22341467?tool=bestpractice.com 一项前瞻性研究显示,16%的血管瘤个数≥5的婴幼儿血管瘤患儿合并肝血管瘤。[12]Horii KA, Drolet BA, Frieden IJ, et al. Prospective study of the frequency of hepatic hemangiomas in infants with multiple cutaneous infantile hemangiomas. Pediatr Dermatol. 2011 May-Jun;28(3):245-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21517952?tool=bestpractice.com 建议对这部分患儿进行全面体检。肝大可能提示为临床严重肝血管瘤,应通过超声评估。心脏检查异常可能提示高输出量性心力衰竭。
在某些位置的血管瘤可会引起显著的外观或功能并发症。眶周血管瘤可能会导致眼部并发症。在鼻尖或耳部的血管瘤可能引起软骨破坏和永久性毁容。唇部血管瘤可使嘴的正常轮廓变得扭曲。[13]Paller A, Mancini A. Hurwitz clinical pediatric dermatology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2011:268-302. 生殖器和会阴血管瘤更容易发生溃疡,导致相关的并发症。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 斑块型颈面部溃疡性血管瘤(胡须部位分布)由Carla T. Lane,MD,PhD提供;获准使用 [Citation ends].