常规治疗
口服 β 受体阻滞剂
虽然多年来血管瘤的主要治疗方法是全身使用糖皮质激素,但是普萘洛尔成为全身治疗的新选择。[14]Darrow DH, Greene AK, Mancini AJ, et al. Diagnosis and management of infantile hemangioma. Pediatrics. 2015 Oct;136(4):e1060-104.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/136/4/e1060http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26416931?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Izadpanah A, Izadpanah A, Kanevsky J, et al. Propranolol versus corticosteroids in the treatment of infantile hemangioma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013 Mar;131(3):601-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23142941?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Drolet BA, Frommelt PC, Chamlin SL, et al. Initiation and use of propranolol for infantile hemangioma: report of a consensus conference. Pediatrics. 2013 Jan;131(1):128-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23266923?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Léauté-Labrèze C, Hoeger P, Mazereeuw-Hautier J, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of oral propranolol in infantile hemangioma. N Engl J Med. 2015 Feb 19;372(8):735-46.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1404710#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25693013?tool=bestpractice.com 普萘洛尔对婴幼儿血管瘤的疗效是在 2008 年首次被偶然发现的,当时有两个因心肺疾病接受普萘洛尔治疗的儿童,服药后发现此药物对血管瘤治疗有效。[42]Léauté-Labrèze C, Dumas de la Roque E, Hubiche T, et al. Propranolol for severe hemangiomas of infancy. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jun 12;358(24):2649-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18550886?tool=bestpractice.com 自那以来,许多研究表明普萘洛尔的安全性和有效性已经确认,从而被批准用于婴幼儿血管瘤。已经证实该药对处于功能或外观重要位置的血管瘤有效,[43]Zaher H, Rasheed H, Hegazy RA, et al. Oral propranolol: an effective, safe treatment for infantile hemangiomas. Eur J Dermatol. 2011 Jul-Aug;21(4):558-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21697036?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Fuchsmann C, Quintal MC, Giguere C, et al. Propranolol as first-line treatment of head and neck hemangiomas. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011 May;137(5):471-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21576558?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Missoi TG, Lueder GT, Gilbertson K, et al. Oral propranolol for treatment of periocular infantile hemangiomas. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011 Jul;129(7):899-903.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21402978?tool=bestpractice.com 气道血管瘤、[46]Peridis S, Pilgrim G, Athanasopoulos I, et al. A meta-analysis on the effectiveness of propranolol for the treatment of infantile airway haemangiomas. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2011 Apr;75(4):455-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21333364?tool=bestpractice.com 溃疡性血管瘤[47]Hong E, Fischer G. Propranolol for recalcitrant ulcerated hemangioma of infancy. Pediatr Dermatol. Pediatr Dermatol. 2012 Jan-Feb;29(1):64-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21854419?tool=bestpractice.com 和内脏血管瘤。[48]Mazereeuw-Hautier J, Hoeger PH, Benlahrech S, et al. Efficacy of propranolol in hepatic infantile hemangiomas with diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis. J Pediatr. 2010 Aug;157(2):340-2.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20488455?tool=bestpractice.com 目前已经发现,停药后会出现病变反跳性生长,[49]Marqueling AL, Oza V, Frieden IJ, et al. Propranolol and infantile hemangiomas four years later: a systematic review. Pediatr Dermatol. 2013 Mar-Apr;30(2):182-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23405852?tool=bestpractice.com 所以治疗经常持续至理论上的消退时间或 12 个月左右。虽然普萘洛尔被认为是相对安全的药物,但也曾有不良反应报道,包括低血糖、支气管痉挛、低血压和低体温。因此,多数学术型医疗中心制定了启用药物的规程。因为儿童心脏病科医生最熟悉普萘洛尔在婴儿中的使用,所以他们常会与处方医生协作。各机构的治疗方案不同,但通常包括全面的病史采集、体格检查,以及药物治疗后住院或门诊患儿的心率、血压和血糖的监测。在开始治疗之前是否需要获取心电图结果是有争议的。共识建议为有基线心动过缓、先天性心脏病或心律失常家族史、母体结缔组织疾病史的婴儿,以及心律失常、或检查期间闻及杂音的患者提供心电图筛查。[40]Drolet BA, Frommelt PC, Chamlin SL, et al. Initiation and use of propranolol for infantile hemangioma: report of a consensus conference. Pediatrics. 2013 Jan;131(1):128-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23266923?tool=bestpractice.com 一般来说,大多数专家在门诊患者中,校正出生年龄> 5周的婴儿即可启用普萘洛尔,并进行间歇性心率和血压监测。较年轻的患者或有合并疾病的患者可在短暂的住院期间接受治疗,并进行更为密切的监测。[1]Krowchuk DP, Frieden IJ, Mancini AJ, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of infantile hemangiomas. Pediatrics. 2019 Jan;143(1): e20183475.https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/143/1/e20183475.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30584062?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Drolet BA, Frommelt PC, Chamlin SL, et al. Initiation and use of propranolol for infantile hemangioma: report of a consensus conference. Pediatrics. 2013 Jan;131(1):128-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23266923?tool=bestpractice.com
普萘洛尔治疗的绝对禁忌证包括某些传导障碍,例如病窦综合征或二、三度房室 (AV) 传导阻滞。相对禁忌证包括心脏功能损伤、窦性心动过缓、低血压、一度房室传导阻滞、哮喘或支气管高反应性、糖尿病、慢性肾功能不全。[1]Krowchuk DP, Frieden IJ, Mancini AJ, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of infantile hemangiomas. Pediatrics. 2019 Jan;143(1): e20183475.https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/143/1/e20183475.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30584062?tool=bestpractice.com[50]de Graaf M, Breur JM, Raphael MF, et al. Adverse effects of propranolol when used in the treatment of hemangiomas: A case series of 28 infants. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011 Aug;65(2):320-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21601311?tool=bestpractice.com 如果药物始终与食物一起服用且患者避免长时间禁食,可以减少低血糖的风险。由于这个原因,许多临床医生建议在疾病期间或经口摄入不足的其他情况下,不应使用该药物。[1]Krowchuk DP, Frieden IJ, Mancini AJ, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of infantile hemangiomas. Pediatrics. 2019 Jan;143(1): e20183475.https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/143/1/e20183475.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30584062?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Holland KE, Frieden IJ, Frommelt PC, et al. Hypoglycemia in children taking propranolol for the treatment of infantile hemangioma. Arch Dermatol. 2010 Jul;146(7):775-8.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/421616http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20644039?tool=bestpractice.com 由于大多数接受治疗的血管瘤患者是婴儿,这些患者很少是哮喘患者。因此,需要告知家长,如果患儿出现任何类型的喘鸣,即便在病毒性疾病时,也应停止用药。在 PHACES 综合征情况下,应谨慎使用普萘洛尔,因为普萘洛尔引起的低血压在理论上可以导致微弱的脑灌注进一步减少。[1]Krowchuk DP, Frieden IJ, Mancini AJ, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of infantile hemangiomas. Pediatrics. 2019 Jan;143(1): e20183475.https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/143/1/e20183475.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30584062?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Lawley LP, Siegfried E, Todd JL. Propranolol treatment for hemangioma of infancy: risks and recommendations. Pediatr Dermatol. 2009 Sep-Oct;26(5):610-4.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1525-1470.2009.00975.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19840322?tool=bestpractice.com
局部用 β-受体阻滞剂
口服普萘洛尔的成功使医生们研究了局部应用 β-受体阻滞剂在治疗浅表型血管瘤中的有效性。许多病例系列报道局部外用 0.5% 马来酸噻吗洛尔凝胶可成功治疗血管瘤,尤其是婴儿型浅表血管瘤。[53]Ni N, Langer P, Wagner R, et al. Topical timolol for periocular hemangioma: report of further study. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011 Mar;129(3):377-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21403002?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Pope E, Chakkittakandiyil A. Topical timolol gel for infantile hemangiomas: a pilot study. Arch Dermatol. 2010 May;146(5):564-5.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/421304http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20479314?tool=bestpractice.com[55]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Infantile haemangioma: topical timolol. August 2015 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/advice/esuom47/chapter/full-evidence-summary 当没有必要进行全身治疗或有禁忌时,可以考虑该治疗。
全身应用皮质类固醇
全身应用皮质类固醇仍偶尔用于代替 β-受体阻滞剂来治疗婴幼儿血管瘤,也可作为其他治疗(包括口服普萘洛尔)的辅助治疗。[56]Pope E, Krafchik BR, Macarthur C, et al. Oral versus high-dose pulse corticosteroids for problematic infantile hemangiomas: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2007 Jun;119(6):e1239-47.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17485449?tool=bestpractice.com血管瘤体积减小:一项包含75例患者的小型临床试验提供了中等质量的证据,该研究经全身性或病灶内给予皮质类固醇对婴幼儿血管瘤进行治疗;试验结果显示,与安慰剂相比,全身性或病灶内给予皮质类固醇治疗对缩小血管瘤体积的疗效显著且并发症极少。[57]Jalil S, Akhtar J, Ahmed S. Corticosteroids therapy in the management of infantile cutaneous hemangioma. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2006 Oct;16(10):662-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17007757?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 根据患者的反应和年龄,预期治疗时间可能持续 6-12 个月。目前已发现减少口服皮质类固醇时,血管瘤会反跳性生长,因此需要密切的临床随访。[2]Garzon MC. Infantile hemangioma. In: Callen JP, Horn TD, Mancini AJ, et al, eds. Dermatology. Vol. 2. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2008:1565-80.[16]Bruckner AL, Friedan IJ. Hemangiomas of infancy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003 Apr;48(4):477-93.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12664009?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Rossler J, Wehl G, Niemeyer CM. Evaluating systemic prednisone therapy for proliferating haemangioma in infancy. Eur J Pediatr. 2008 Jul;167(7):813-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17676341?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Bennett ML, Fleischer AB Jr., Chamlin SL, et al. Oral corticosteroid use is effective for cutaneous hemangiomas: an evidence-based evaluation. Arch Dermatol. 2001 Sep;137(9):1208-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11559219?tool=bestpractice.com
长期、大剂量口服皮质类固醇的副作用常见,包括:库欣综合征样面容、易激惹、胃部不适、鹅口疮或念珠菌尿布皮炎以及身高和体重生长迟缓。约 90% 生长迟缓的儿童在 2 岁之前恢复治疗之前的生长曲线。虽然罕见,但是仍需要额外关注其他副作用,包括由全身性免疫抑制引起的严重感染风险增加。因此,治疗期间禁用活疫苗。其他令人困扰的不良反应包括高血压和下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺 (HPA) 轴抑制。HPA 轴抑制导致皮质类固醇难以停药。[60]George ME, Sharma V, Jacobson J, et al. Adverse effects of systemic glucocorticosteroid therapy in infants with hemangiomas. Arch Dermatol. 2004 Aug;140(8):963-9.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/480715http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15313812?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Lomenick JP, Reifschneider KL, Lucky AW, et al. Prevalence of adrenal insufficiency following systemic glucocorticoid therapy in infants with hemangiomas. Arch Dermatol. 2009 Mar;145(3):262-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19289754?tool=bestpractice.com
病灶内皮质类固醇治疗
如果血管瘤较为局限且未扩展至深层组织,病灶内皮质类固醇则是一个额外的治疗选择。一般来说,病灶内治疗的间隔约 1 个月。虽然曲安西龙是典型用药,但是也有其他多种皮质类固醇用于治疗。[62]Chantharatanapiboon W. Intralesional corticosteroid therapy in hemangiomas: clinical outcome in 160 cases. J Med Assoc Thai. 2008 Oct;91(suppl 3):S90-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19253502?tool=bestpractice.com 在大多数病例中,口服皮质类固醇的全身性不良反应是可以避免的。[63]Chen MT, Yeong EK, Horng SY. Intralesional corticosteroid therapy in proliferating head and neck hemangiomas: a review of 155 cases. J Pediatr Surg. 2000 Mar;35(3):420-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10726680?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Buckmiller LM, Francis CL, Glade RS. Intralesional steroid injection for proliferative parotid hemangiomas. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2008 Jan;72(1):81-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18054392?tool=bestpractice.com
有一项包含 75 名受试者的单中心、小规模的临床试验,比较了无治疗、全身皮质类固醇和病灶内皮质类固醇治疗严重婴幼儿血管瘤的疗效。作者的结论是,与未治疗组相比,两个治疗组(使用全身皮质类固醇和病灶内皮质类固醇治疗组)在缩小病灶体积方面的疗效显著,且并发症极少。[57]Jalil S, Akhtar J, Ahmed S. Corticosteroids therapy in the management of infantile cutaneous hemangioma. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2006 Oct;16(10):662-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17007757?tool=bestpractice.com
对眶周婴幼儿血管瘤患者,病灶内注射皮质类固醇会导致视网膜动脉闭塞和眼动脉闭塞,从而引起视力丧失。据推测,注射压力可能会导致颗粒物质倒流进入这些血管。也曾有眼睑坏死的报道。这些有问题的部位(即使存在较小的婴幼儿血管瘤)包括上眼睑、耳朵、嘴唇、鼻子。如果出现这些情况,建议转诊至眼科医生或其他专科医生处。[1]Krowchuk DP, Frieden IJ, Mancini AJ, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of infantile hemangiomas. Pediatrics. 2019 Jan;143(1): e20183475.https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/143/1/e20183475.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30584062?tool=bestpractice.com
先进的辅助疗法
手术干预
对继续等待的风险与立即手术切除的获益进行权衡后,再决定是否以及何时切除婴儿血管瘤。如果保守治疗不充分,增殖性婴幼儿血管瘤威胁到功能和整体美观的患儿是很好的手术对象。出现溃疡或出血时,可能有必要行切除术。部分婴幼儿血管瘤的性质使其易于被手术切除:例如,基底部狭窄的较小带蒂病变,经手术切除后留下的瘢痕很小。[2]Garzon MC. Infantile hemangioma. In: Callen JP, Horn TD, Mancini AJ, et al, eds. Dermatology. Vol. 2. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2008:1565-80. 手术更常被用来改善血管瘤完全消退后的外观。例如,一名有着过多、影响外观的纤维脂肪组织的即将入学儿童是很好的外科干预候选者。
不恰当的外科干预会增加婴幼儿血管瘤的并发症发生率。在一项综述中,患有复杂腮腺血管瘤(一种快速增生导致面部扭曲和梗阻的血管瘤)的儿童经观察和保守药物治疗(应用皮质类固醇和干扰素)获得了最佳结局,无严重医疗并发症。相比之下,发现在手术干预后出现了一些严重并发症,包括暂时性或永久性面神经麻痹、Frey 综合征、涎腺瘘和动静脉瘘、血肿、瘢痕、面部不对称和 1 例死亡。[65]Sinno H, Thibaudeau S, Coughlin R, et al. Management of infantile parotid gland hemangiomas: a 40-year experience. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010 Jan;125(1):265-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19910858?tool=bestpractice.com
脉冲染料激光
脉冲-染料激光 (pulsed dye laser, PDL) 通过选择性破坏血管发挥疗效。但是,由于它的穿透深度有限,因此它对深部病变无效。一项随机对照临床试验评估了早期 PDL 治疗与不治疗的疗效和安全性,发现在 1 年时,PDL 治疗组非复杂性婴幼儿血管瘤更可能消退。但是 PDL 组会出现萎缩、色素沉着等副作用。[66]Batta K, Goodyear HM, Moss C, et al. Randomised controlled study of early pulsed dye laser treatment of uncomplicated childhood haemangiomas: results of a 1-year analysis. Lancet. 2002 Aug 17;360(9332):521-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12241656?tool=bestpractice.com 许多专家认为,脉冲染料激光只应用于溃疡性血管瘤,并在其消退后治疗残留毛细血管扩张。[1]Krowchuk DP, Frieden IJ, Mancini AJ, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of infantile hemangiomas. Pediatrics. 2019 Jan;143(1): e20183475.https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/143/1/e20183475.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30584062?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Paller A, Mancini A. Hurwitz clinical pediatric dermatology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2011:268-302.[67]Stier MF, Click SA, Hirsch RJ. Laser treatment of pediatric vascular lesions: port-wine stains and hemangiomas. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008 Feb;58(2):261-85.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18068263?tool=bestpractice.com