体征/症状 蓝色或粉红色。
出生时出现,但可能直到后来方才显现。
触之柔软且可压缩,成比例增长。
非搏动性。
头下垂位时体积容易增大。
不会自然消退。
可能疼痛但通常无压通。血栓形成可引起急性肿胀和压痛。
静脉石可触及且为坚硬肿块。[32]Legiehn GM, Heran MK. Venous malformations: classification, development, diagnosis, and interventional radiologic management. Radiol Clin North Am. 2008 May;46(3):545-97.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18707962?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Enjolras O. Vascular malformations. In: Callen JP, Horn TD, Mancini AJ, et al, eds. Dermatology. Vol. 2. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2008:1581-95.
检查 病变处多普勒超声显示海绵状无回声血管样结构,内有静脉波形。[24]Paltiel HJ, Burrows PE, Kozakewich HP, et al. Soft-tissue vascular anomalies: utility of US for diagnosis. Radiology. 2000 Mar;214(3):747-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10715041?tool=bestpractice.com
MRI(有无造影)显示静脉湖和静脉石。[34]Pandey A, Gangopadhyay AN, Sharma SP, et al. Conservative management of ulcerated haemangioma - twenty years experience. Int Wound J. 2009 Feb;6(1):59-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19291117?tool=bestpractice.com
实验室检验可能显示血清纤维蛋白原降低、D-二聚体升高、血小板计数降低,提示慢性血管内凝血障碍。[2]Garzon MC. Infantile hemangioma. In: Callen JP, Horn TD, Mancini AJ, et al, eds. Dermatology. Vol. 2. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2008:1565-80.
X线可显示钙化的静脉石。[32]Legiehn GM, Heran MK. Venous malformations: classification, development, diagnosis, and interventional radiologic management. Radiol Clin North Am. 2008 May;46(3):545-97.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18707962?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Enjolras O. Vascular malformations. In: Callen JP, Horn TD, Mancini AJ, et al, eds. Dermatology. Vol. 2. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2008:1581-95.