粘连性关节囊炎的治疗需多方位、个体化,根据症状及严重程度进行治疗。采取渐进性的治疗手段,先采用无创治疗,若无效则逐渐过渡到有创治疗。
改变活动方式
应建议患者减少引发症状的动作,以打破炎症循环。需患者暂停工作或停止加重症状的活动。
物理疗法
物理治疗是成功治疗的基础,需在疾病早期即开始进行。在家中进行主动及被动的活动练习,同时辅以监督下的门诊治疗最佳。[18]Hanchard NC, Goodchild L, Thompson J, et al. Evidence-based clinical guidelines for the diagnosis, assessment and physiotherapy management of contracted (frozen) shoulder: quick reference summary. Physiotherapy. 2012;98:117-120.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22507361?tool=bestpractice.com
证据显示高度活动性的锻炼可以改善活动度。[19]Vermeulen HM, Rozing PM, Obermann WR, et al. Comparison of high-grade and low-grade mobilization techniques in the management of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2006;86:355-368.http://www.ptjournal.org/cgi/content/full/86/3/355http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16506872?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Hanchard NC, Goodchild L, Thompson J, et al. Evidence-based clinical guidelines for the diagnosis, assessment and physiotherapy management of contracted (frozen) shoulder: quick reference summary. Physiotherapy. 2012;98:117-120.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22507361?tool=bestpractice.com包括了以下技术:盂肱关节最大活动范围时被动活动,无痛活动范围内的低度被动活动。来自对 7 种不同关节松动技术系统评价的初步结果显示,Maitland 技术(一种高级关节松动技术)和综合关节松动技术可产生有益作用。然而,需要更多研究来确定最成功的关节松动技术。[20]Noten S, Meeus M, Stassijns G, et al. Efficacy of different types of mobilization techniques in patients with primary adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: a systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2016;97:815-825.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26284892?tool=bestpractice.com
其他疗法如电子透入疗法(电脉冲活动),超声透入疗法(超声疗法)以及冰冻疗法也许能够为患者提供一定益处,但目前尚无明确证据支持,一项系统评价显示超声疗法未带来明确益处。[21]Green S, Buchbinder R, Hetrick S. Physiotherapy interventions for shoulder pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(2):CD004258.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12804509?tool=bestpractice.com
一项患者在家及医院都可以进行的有益锻炼被称作“睡眠者伸展”,可改善内旋。患者取外侧卧位,患肢与床接触,屈肘90°,健侧向床面推挤患肢。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 睡眠者拉伸图示来自 Matthew T. Provencher, MD, CDR MC USN 和 Lance E. LeClere, MD, LCDR MC USN 的私人资料;经获准使用 [Citation ends].
口服抗炎药物治疗
由于粘连性关节囊炎的初期与炎性过程相关,故疾病早期采取口服非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID) 可以缓解症状,减轻疾病严重程度。对于无禁忌症的正在接受麻醉下手法治疗的患者,亦可以更好的缓解症状,并将其作为主要治疗方式。治疗选择包括布洛芬,美洛昔康及萘普生。
有限的证据表明口服皮质类固醇激素可以缓解早期疼痛,但作用期短,不超过6周。[22]Buchbinder R, Green S, Youd JM, et al. Oral steroids for adhesive capsulitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(4):CD006189.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17054278?tool=bestpractice.com短期疼痛缓解:与单纯口服皮质类固醇激素相比,口服泼尼松可以在短期内缓解疼痛,但证据治疗较差。[23]Binder A, Hazleman BL, Parr G, et al. A controlled study of oral prednisolone in frozen shoulder. Br J Rheumatol. 1986;25:288-292.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3730737?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。疾病处于早期阶段时,在盂肱关节疼痛期以及活动度骤减期,可以考虑使用。但证据显示关节内注射是一种更有效的治疗手段。[24]Neviaser AS, Neviaser RJ. Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2011;19:536-542.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21885699?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Lorbach O, Anagnostakos K, Scherf C, et al. Nonoperative management of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: oral cortisone application versus intra-articular cortisone injections. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2010;19:172-179.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19800262?tool=bestpractice.com研究了几种不同的口服皮质类固醇,发现短期结果相似。[22]Buchbinder R, Green S, Youd JM, et al. Oral steroids for adhesive capsulitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(4):CD006189.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17054278?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Binder A, Hazleman BL, Parr G, et al. A controlled study of oral prednisolone in frozen shoulder. Br J Rheumatol. 1986;25:288-292.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3730737?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Saeidian SR, Hemmati AA, Haghighi MH. Pain relieving effect of short-course, pulse prednisolone in managing frozen shoulder. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2007;21:27-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17430826?tool=bestpractice.com一种治疗措施是甲强龙服用6天,但口服皮质类固醇激素理论上存在缺血性骨坏死的风险。[27]Mont MA, Hungerford DS. Non-traumatic avascular necrosis of the femoral head. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1995;77:459-474.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7890797?tool=bestpractice.com但短期内口服皮质类固醇激素却绝少出现上述并发症。
关节内皮质类固醇激素注射。
对粘连性关节囊炎的炎症过程给予高浓度的局部治疗。可以有效缓解疼痛,尤其在疾病早期可以改善主动及被动活动范围,为物理治疗提供了良好的条件。[25]Lorbach O, Anagnostakos K, Scherf C, et al. Nonoperative management of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: oral cortisone application versus intra-articular cortisone injections. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2010;19:172-179.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19800262?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Marx RG, Malizia RW, Kenter K, et al. Intra-articular corticosteroid injection for the treatment of idiopathic adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. HSS J. 2007;3:202-207.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18751795?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Bulgen DY, Binder AI, Hazleman BL, et al. Frozen shoulder: prospective clinical study with an evaluation of three treatment regimens. Ann Rheum Dis. 1984;43:353-360.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1001344/pdf/annrheumd00252-0009.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6742895?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Shah N, Lewis M. Shoulder adhesive capsulitis: systematic review of randomised trials using multiple corticosteroid injections. Br J Gen Pract. 2007;57:662-667.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17688763?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Blanchard V, Barr S, Cerisola FL. The effectiveness of corticosteroid injections compared with physiotherapeutic interventions for adhesive capsulitis: a systematic review. Physiotherapy. 2010;96:95-107.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20420956?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Jacobs LG, Smith MG, Khan SA, et al. Manipulation or intra-articular steroids in the management of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder? A prospective randomized trial. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2009;18:348-353.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19393928?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Bal A, Eksioglu E, Gulec B, et al. Effectiveness of corticosteroid injection in adhesive capsulitis. Clin Rehabil. 2008;22:503-512.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18511530?tool=bestpractice.com尽管接受了初始的物理治疗并使用了NSAID仍因疼痛就诊的患者,可考虑该治疗方法。
一项随机对照试验发现,与治疗后长达 8 周的口服非甾体抗炎药和物理疗法相比,开始物理疗法前关节内注射皮质类固醇可更快改善疼痛、活动范围和功能。然而,在 3 个月最终随访时,没有显著差异。这个结果与先前的研究相似;因而,为有助于早期积极的物理疗法,在开始物理疗法之前,考虑注射皮质类固醇是合理的。[34]Page MJ, Green S, Kramer S, et al. Manual therapy and exercise for adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(8):CD011275.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011275/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25157702?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Ranalletta M, Rossi LA, Bongiovanni SL, et al. Corticosteroid injections accelerate pain relief and recovery of function compared with oral NSAIDs in patients with adhesive capsulitis: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44:474-481.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26657263?tool=bestpractice.com
一篇荟萃分析显示多次注射可以维持有效性至16周,3次注射即可出现积极地效果。[30]Shah N, Lewis M. Shoulder adhesive capsulitis: systematic review of randomised trials using multiple corticosteroid injections. Br J Gen Pract. 2007;57:662-667.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17688763?tool=bestpractice.com改善症状:4个月内多次皮质类固醇激素注射可以有效缓解由粘连性关节囊炎引起的症状,包括疼痛,肩关节功能受损及活动范围受限,但证据等级较低。[30]Shah N, Lewis M. Shoulder adhesive capsulitis: systematic review of randomised trials using multiple corticosteroid injections. Br J Gen Pract. 2007;57:662-667.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17688763?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
推荐用曲安奈德与局麻药(无肾上腺素的利多卡因)一起进行盂肱关节内注射。应注射进盂肱关节而非肩峰下间隙,因为肩峰下注射经常无效。可以使用超声确定注射位置。
麻醉下手法治疗
如果口服抗炎药物治疗及关节内皮质类固醇激素注射无法有效缓解疼痛,且患者无法进行物理治疗,则麻醉下手法治疗及使用肌松药物可以松解黏连性及纤维化组织,从而增加活动度。[36]Flannery O, Mullett H, Colville J. Adhesive shoulder capsulitis: does the timing of manipulation influence outcome? Acta Orthop Belg. 2007;73:21-25.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17441653?tool=bestpractice.com有证据显示疾病早期进行手法治疗比晚期更为有效。[36]Flannery O, Mullett H, Colville J. Adhesive shoulder capsulitis: does the timing of manipulation influence outcome? Acta Orthop Belg. 2007;73:21-25.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17441653?tool=bestpractice.com改善症状:中等质量的证据显示,相对于疼痛持续长时间才接受麻醉下手法治疗的粘连性关节囊炎患者,早期接受麻醉下手法治疗患者症状改善更为明显。[36]Flannery O, Mullett H, Colville J. Adhesive shoulder capsulitis: does the timing of manipulation influence outcome? Acta Orthop Belg. 2007;73:21-25.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17441653?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。患者手法治疗后也许会疼痛增加,斜角肌间隙麻醉阻滞或镇痛泵可起到手法治疗后止痛效果,允许患者手法治疗后进行高强度的物理治疗。对于有手术史或者骨质较差的患者需要格外注意,以免引起手术修补处撕裂或骨折。
考虑到骨折或关节内疾患的风险,相对于麻醉下手法治疗,一些学者更支持进行关节镜下关节囊松解。[24]Neviaser AS, Neviaser RJ. Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2011;19:536-542.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21885699?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Loew M, Heichel TO, Lehner B. Intraarticular lesions in primary frozen shoulder after manipulation under general anesthesia. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2005;14:16-21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15723009?tool=bestpractice.com两者可结合进行。
目前没有高质量的研究支持关节镜下松解(伴或不伴麻醉下手法治疗)优于其它治疗方式。然而一篇系统评价证实对于顽固的特发性或合并糖尿病的粘连性关节囊炎患者,镜下关节囊松解比麻醉下手法治疗疗效稍好一些。[38]Grant JA, Schroeder N, Miller BS, et al. Comparison of manipulation and arthroscopic capsular release for adhesive capsulitis: a systematic review. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2013;22:1135-1145.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23510748?tool=bestpractice.com
肩关节扩张造影
有证据表明肩关节扩张造影(用盐水及皮质类固醇激素扩张关节)可以在短期缓解疼痛,改善活动度及功能。[39]Buchbinder R, Green S, Youd JM, et al. Arthrographic distension for adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1):CD007005.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18254123?tool=bestpractice.com然而并无证据显示该疗法优于其他疗法。
一项随机试验评价了 3 种注射方法(关节内皮质类固醇、肩峰下间隙皮质类固醇和生理盐水扩张)治疗原发性粘连性关节囊炎,在 1 个月和 3 个月随访时发现,生理盐水注射可更迅速改善疼痛和活动范围,但在 6 个月最终随访时,所有 3 个治疗组的临床结局相似。[40]Yoon JP, Chung SW, Kim JE, et al. Intra-articular injection, subacromial injection, and hydrodilatation for primary frozen shoulder: a randomized clinical trial. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2016;25:376-383.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26927433?tool=bestpractice.com
关节镜下关节囊松解
关节镜在粘连性关节囊炎的治疗中最早是起到评估盂肱关节是否存在合并疾患的作用。关节镜手术时液体流进关节使关节膨胀也能起到一定作用。目前关节镜已经在难治性粘连性关节囊炎的手术治疗中起到了重要作用。关节镜松解前关节囊,
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 关节镜可见挛缩的前关节囊、广泛的滑膜炎及组织增厚。来自 Matthew T. Provencher, MD, CDR MC USN 和 Lance E. LeClere, MD, LCDR MC USN 的私人资料;经获准使用 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 关节镜下见完全的前方松解来自 Matthew T. Provencher, MD, CDR MC USN 和 Lance E. LeClere, MD, LCDR MC USN 的私人资料;经获准使用 [Citation ends].肩袖间隙、
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 关节镜下查看挛缩的肩袖间隔可见广泛的疤痕形成及滑膜炎。来自 Matthew T. Provencher, MD, CDR MC USN 和 Lance E. LeClere, MD, LCDR MC USN 的私人资料;经获准使用 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 关节镜下见肩袖间隔松解来自 Matthew T. Provencher, MD, CDR MC USN 和 Lance E. LeClere, MD, LCDR MC USN 的私人资料;经获准使用 [Citation ends].和/或松解喙肱韧带,可缓解疼痛,改善功能。[7]Berghs BM, Sole-Molins X, Bunker TD. Arthroscopic release of adhesive capsulitis. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2004;13:180-185.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14997096?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Pearsall AW 4th, Osbahr DC, Speer KP. An arthroscopic technique for treating patients with frozen shoulder. Arthroscopy. 1999;15:2-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10024027?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Warner JJ, Allen A, Marks PH, et al. Arthroscopic release for chronic, refractory adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996;78:1808-1816.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8986657?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Warner JJ, Allen AA, Marks PH, et al. Arthroscopic release of postoperative capsular contracture of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997;79:1151-1158.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9278074?tool=bestpractice.com短期和长期都有效果。[7]Berghs BM, Sole-Molins X, Bunker TD. Arthroscopic release of adhesive capsulitis. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2004;13:180-185.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14997096?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Nicholson GP. Arthroscopic capsular release for stiff shoulders: effect of etiology on outcomes. Arthroscopy. 2003;19:40-49.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12522401?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Ide J, Takagi K. Early and long-term results of arthroscopic treatment for shoulder stiffness. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2004;13:174-179.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14997095?tool=bestpractice.com症状缓解:中等质量的证据显示,相比非手术的粘连性关节囊炎患者,关节镜下关节囊松解可使患者恢复速度更快,带来长期益处。[7]Berghs BM, Sole-Molins X, Bunker TD. Arthroscopic release of adhesive capsulitis. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2004;13:180-185.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14997096?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Ide J, Takagi K. Early and long-term results of arthroscopic treatment for shoulder stiffness. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2004;13:174-179.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14997095?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Nicholson GP. Arthroscopic capsular release for stiff shoulders: effect of etiology on outcomes. Arthroscopy. 2003;19:40-49.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12522401?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。充分物理治疗后若仍不能内旋,则可考虑行后方关节囊松解。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 关节镜下见后方关节囊松解来自 Matthew T. Provencher, MD, CDR MC USN 和 Lance E. LeClere, MD, LCDR MC USN 的私人资料;经获准使用 [Citation ends].松解肩胛下肌腱的关节内部分和/或从下到后大范围松解盂肱下韧带可以改善活动度,但仅有短期疗效结果。[46]Liem D, Meier F, Thorwesten L, et al. The influence of arthroscopic subscapularis tendon and capsule release on internal rotation strength in treatment of frozen shoulder. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36:921-926.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18272795?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Chen J, Chen S, Li Y, et al. Is the extended release of the inferior glenohumeral ligament necessary for frozen shoulder? Arthroscopy. 2010;26:529-535.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20362834?tool=bestpractice.com
目前认为应在疾病早期考虑使用关节镜进行松解,但手术干预的最佳时期仍不明确。