胎盘早剥的预后和早剥严重程度及发生的孕周有关。[1]Oyelese Y, Ananth CV. Placental abruption. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108:1005-1016.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17012465?tool=bestpractice.com
胎儿预后
胎儿的预后主要跟胎盘早剥发生的孕周以及程度有关。[1]Oyelese Y, Ananth CV. Placental abruption. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108:1005-1016.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17012465?tool=bestpractice.com非常早的孕周和超过一半的胎盘剥离发生围产期新生儿死亡的风险升高。[63]Ananth CV, Wilcox AJ. Placental abruption and perinatal mortality in the United States. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;153:332-337.http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/153/4/332http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11207150?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Ananth CV, Berkowitz GS, Savitz DA, et al. Placental abruption and adverse perinatal outcomes. JAMA. 1999;282:1646-1651.http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/282/17/1646http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10553791?tool=bestpractice.com早剥也是人工早产的重要原因,同时与围产期窒息和长期神经发育障碍的风险增加有关。[49]Ananth CV, Berkowitz GS, Savitz DA, et al. Placental abruption and adverse perinatal outcomes. JAMA. 1999;282:1646-1651.http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/282/17/1646http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10553791?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Ananth CV, Vintzileos AM. Medically indicated preterm birth: recognizing the importance of the problem. Clin Perinatol. 2008;35:53-67.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18280875?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Ananth CV, Vintzileos AM. Maternal-fetal conditions necessitating a medical intervention resulting in preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195:1557-1563.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17014813?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Gibbs JM, Weindling AM. Neonatal intracranial lesions following placental abruption. Eur J Pediatr. 1994;153:195-197.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8181506?tool=bestpractice.com然而,围产期预后可能在早剥发生时就识别并迅速分娩的情况下得到改善。有经验的新生儿医生以及拥有先进新生儿支持设施的中心可使预后大不同。
母亲预后
母亲的预后主要和胎盘剥离的严重程度有关,尤其是失血量以及是否存在凝血功能异常。另外,输血、手术和麻醉并发症,以及剖宫产子宫切除术都使得风险增加。[67]Pitaphrom A, Sukcharoen N. Pregnancy outcomes in placental abruption. J Med Assoc Thai. 2006;89:1572-1578.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17128829?tool=bestpractice.com如没有大量的出血或凝血问题时母亲的结局很好。下次妊娠的早剥风险较高,这可能与引起早剥的潜在原因有关。[41]Toivonen S, Heinonen S, Anttila M, et al. Obstetric prognosis after placental abruption. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2004;19:336-341.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15192293?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Rasmussen S, Irgens LM, Dalaker K. The effect on the likelihood of further pregnancy of placental abruption and the rate of its recurrence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1997;104:1292-1295.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9386031?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Furuhashi M, Kurauchi O, Suganuma N. Pregnancy following placental abruption. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2002;267:11-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12410366?tool=bestpractice.com最终,存在早剥现象的女性患有缺血性胎盘疾病(在后续妊娠中的早剥、先兆子痫和胎儿宫内生长受限)的风险较高。[12]Ananth CV, Peltier MR, Chavez MR, et al. Recurrence of ischemic placental disease. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110:128-133.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17601907?tool=bestpractice.com
后续妊娠
应当小心监测下一次妊娠。[69]Furuhashi M, Kurauchi O, Suganuma N. Pregnancy following placental abruption. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2002;267:11-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12410366?tool=bestpractice.com密切的监护应当从上次早剥孕周的前3个月就开始。[40]Rasmussen S, Irgens LM, Albrechtsen S, et al. Women with a history of placental abruption: when in a subsequent pregnancy should special surveillance for a recurrent placental abruption be initiated? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2001;80:708-712.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11531612?tool=bestpractice.com然而,这一建议还没有被前瞻性的研究验证,也没有显示出益处。主要原因是没有有效地干预手段。不过仍应该建议患者戒烟及停止吸毒。