风疹疫苗是减毒活疫苗。在英国,它与麻疹减毒活疫苗和腮腺炎疫苗(MMR 疫苗)联用。第一剂在 1 岁时给药,第二剂在入学前注射,一般是 3 岁 4 个月左右。[12]Public Health England. Complete routine immunisation schedule. July 2017 [internet publication].https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-complete-routine-immunisation-schedule
美国提供两种预防风疹的减毒活疫苗:三价麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹制剂 (MMR) 和四价麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹-水痘制剂(MMRV;仅准许用于≤12 岁的儿童)。[13]Kim DK, Hunter P. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended immunization schedule for adults aged 19 years or older - United States, 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 Feb 8;68(5):115-118.https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6805a5.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30730868?tool=bestpractice.com[9]McLean HQ, Fiebelkorn AP, Temte JL, et al; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of measles, rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, and mumps, 2013: summary recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2013;62:1-34.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6204a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23760231?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Robinson CL, Bernstein H, Romero JR, et al. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended immunization schedule for children and adolescents aged 18 years or younger - United States, 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 Feb 8;68(5):112-114.https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6805a4.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30730870?tool=bestpractice.comCDC: rubella - make sure your child gets vaccinated 每种疫苗的 RA 27/3 风疹病毒株的成分是完全相同的。据报告,单次用药后风疹疫苗对预防疾病的有效率约为 97%。[9]McLean HQ, Fiebelkorn AP, Temte JL, et al; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of measles, rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, and mumps, 2013: summary recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2013;62:1-34.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6204a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23760231?tool=bestpractice.com 虽然接种 1 剂风疹疫苗可以有效预防疾病,但仍然推荐儿童和青少年进行 2 剂含风疹疫苗接种,因为含麻疹和腮腺炎疫苗建议采用 2 剂接种方案,且可为初次接种失败的人群提供额外保护。 根据年龄和暴露风险,易感的成年人推荐再次注射1或2剂风疹疫苗。[9]McLean HQ, Fiebelkorn AP, Temte JL, et al; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of measles, rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, and mumps, 2013: summary recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2013;62:1-34.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6204a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23760231?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Kim DK, Riley LE, Hunter P. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended immunization schedule for adults aged 19 years or older - United States, 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 Feb 9;67(5):158-160.https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6705e3.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29420462?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Kim DK, Hunter P. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended immunization schedule for adults aged 19 years or older - United States, 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 Feb 8;68(5):115-118.https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6805a5.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30730868?tool=bestpractice.com 在麻疹、腮腺炎和风疹发病率非常低的国家,风疹的临床诊断不应视为对其具有免疫力的可接受证据。[9]McLean HQ, Fiebelkorn AP, Temte JL, et al; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of measles, rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, and mumps, 2013: summary recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2013;62:1-34.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6204a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23760231?tool=bestpractice.com