急性鼻窦炎的最常见病因是病毒性感染。[12]Fireman P. Diagnosis of sinusitis in children: emphasis on the history and physical examination. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1992 Sep;90(3 Pt 2):433-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1527332?tool=bestpractice.com 病毒性鼻窦炎发作后,会有 0.5%~2% 的急性病毒性鼻窦炎患者进展为急性细菌性鼻窦炎。[8]Gwaltney JM Jr. Acute community-acquired sinusitis. Clin Infect Dis. 1996 Dec;23(6):1209-25.https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/23/6/1209/307006http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8953061?tool=bestpractice.com 三种最常见的细菌是肺炎链球菌(20%-43% 的病例),流感嗜血杆菌(22%-35% 的病例)以及卡他莫拉菌(2%-10% 的病例)。卡他莫拉菌在成人中较为少见。[13]Gwaltney JM Jr, Scheld WM, Sande MA, et al. The microbial etiology and antimicrobial therapy of adults with acute community-acquired sinusitis: a 15-year experience at the University of Virginia and review of other selected studies. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1992 Sep;90(3 Pt 2):457-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1527337?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Low DE, Desrosiers M, McSherry J, et al. A practical guide for the diagnosis and treatment of acute sinusitis. CMAJ. 1997 Mar 15;156 Suppl 6:S1-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9347786?tool=bestpractice.com
虽然细菌性病原体没有随着时间改变,但其抗生素耐药模式有所改变。[15]Jenkins SG, Farrell DJ, Patel M, et al. Trends in anti-bacterial resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in the USA, 2000-2003: PROTEKT US years 1-3. J Infect. 2005 Dec;51(5):355-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15950288?tool=bestpractice.com 青霉素耐药的肺炎链球菌患病率已从 24% 上升至 35%,大环内酯耐药的肺炎球菌患病率已从 9% 上升至 39%,这些变化均在 10 年间出现。[15]Jenkins SG, Farrell DJ, Patel M, et al. Trends in anti-bacterial resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in the USA, 2000-2003: PROTEKT US years 1-3. J Infect. 2005 Dec;51(5):355-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15950288?tool=bestpractice.com 流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌对青霉素耐药的程度更高,在某些研究人群中,有时耐药率达到了 100%。[15]Jenkins SG, Farrell DJ, Patel M, et al. Trends in anti-bacterial resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in the USA, 2000-2003: PROTEKT US years 1-3. J Infect. 2005 Dec;51(5):355-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15950288?tool=bestpractice.com 抗生素耐药性取决于地理位置;因此,了解本地抗生素耐受模式很重要。