组织病理学
基底细胞癌的分类是组织病理学上的分类。[1]Schwartz RA. Skin Cancer: Recognition and Management. 2nd edn. Blackwell, Oxford, United Kingdom, 2008.[3]Lear W, Dahlke E, Murray CA. Basal cell carcinoma: review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and associated risk factors. J Cutan Med Surg. 2007;11:19-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17274935?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Raasch BA, Buettner PG, Garbe C. Basal cell carcinoma: histological classification and body-site distribution. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155:401-407.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16882181?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Barnhill RL, ed. Textbook of dermatopathology, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical; 2004.基底细胞癌 (Basal cell carcinoma, BCC) 的活检很重要,因为基底细胞癌的诊断需要组织学确诊,且预后的差异和所选治疗可能因组织病理学亚型差异而有不同。尽管有一些亚型(例如结节型,浅表型或色素型)会转变为肉眼可见的不同类型的肿瘤,病理活检结果仍然是分类的依据。
浅表型基底细胞癌
该类型临床上边界常不清晰。组织学上以好似悬挂在表皮上的没有互相连接的小的非典型蓝细胞巢为特点。这些巢周围的基质比表皮其余部分有更多的细胞。切缘处有该基质往往被视为阳性切缘,意味着患者剩余皮肤组织中仍存在肿瘤细胞,应继续治疗。[5]LeBoit PE. Stroma, interrupted. Am J Dermatopathology. 2001;23:67-68.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11176057?tool=bestpractice.com
结节型基底细胞癌
这类基底细胞癌主要表现为一个由有丝分裂活跃的浓染蓝细胞组成的大结节。此型中边缘更容易确定。大体上为一个珍珠白色的结节/肿瘤,表面有明显的毛细血管扩张。[3]Lear W, Dahlke E, Murray CA. Basal cell carcinoma: review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and associated risk factors. J Cutan Med Surg. 2007;11:19-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17274935?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Raasch BA, Buettner PG, Garbe C. Basal cell carcinoma: histological classification and body-site distribution. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155:401-407.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16882181?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 面部结节型基底细胞癌,在本底的弥漫日光损伤伴显著的日光弹力变性Robert A.Schwartz,MD,MPH,FACP,FAAD收集 [Citation ends].
微结节型基底细胞癌
该类型表现为多处表皮上的小巢,总体上界限清楚。比结节型基底细胞癌更易复发,其特点介于结节型和浸润型之间。[6]Betti R, Menni S, Radaelli G, et al. Micronodular basal cell carcinoma: a distinct subtype? Relationship with nodular and infiltrative basal cell carcinomas. J Dermatol. 2010;37:611-616.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20629826?tool=bestpractice.com独立巢或全体都被细胞基质围绕,主要有黏液状特征。[3]Lear W, Dahlke E, Murray CA. Basal cell carcinoma: review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and associated risk factors. J Cutan Med Surg. 2007;11:19-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17274935?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Raasch BA, Buettner PG, Garbe C. Basal cell carcinoma: histological classification and body-site distribution. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155:401-407.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16882181?tool=bestpractice.com
异型基底细胞癌
该类型有较高的复发率,因此在预后方面非常重要。任何上述的基底细胞癌亚型都可能为异型。这是对鳞状基底细胞癌较为公认的定义。该肿瘤很容易与基底细胞样鳞癌混淆,这两种肿瘤在组织病理学和预后方面都是截然不同的。异型的名称说明基底细胞癌有向鳞癌分化。在将其划分为异型之前应对其深层和浅层的部分进行评估。值得注意的是,经常反复摩擦的基底细胞癌在浅层会有向鳞癌分化,这并不能称为异型。真正的鳞癌分化应出现在肿瘤的深部。[3]Lear W, Dahlke E, Murray CA. Basal cell carcinoma: review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and associated risk factors. J Cutan Med Surg. 2007;11:19-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17274935?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Raasch BA, Buettner PG, Garbe C. Basal cell carcinoma: histological classification and body-site distribution. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155:401-407.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16882181?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Skroza N, Panetta C, Schwartz RA, et al. Giant meta-typical carcinoma: an unusual tumor. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2006;14:46-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16603102?tool=bestpractice.com
硬斑病型基底细胞癌
该类型与浸润型或硬化型基底细胞癌相似。该类型主要由带状浸润的有丝分裂活跃,浓染的伴有明显的纤维变性(硬化性)蓝色细胞组成。临床上,该类型与硬斑病(硬皮病)相似,故由此得名。硬斑病型基底细胞癌界限并不清楚。神经周围侵袭较为常见。因此,局部复发率较其他类型较高。[3]Lear W, Dahlke E, Murray CA. Basal cell carcinoma: review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and associated risk factors. J Cutan Med Surg. 2007;11:19-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17274935?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Raasch BA, Buettner PG, Garbe C. Basal cell carcinoma: histological classification and body-site distribution. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155:401-407.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16882181?tool=bestpractice.com
漏斗囊肿型BCC
该类型之所以如此命名是因为它常诱发毛发上皮瘤,一种伴有滤泡分化的良性肿瘤。漏斗囊肿型基底细胞癌由带状和巢状有丝分裂活跃的深染蓝色细胞组成,伴有所谓的体现基底细胞癌形成表浅角质的角化性囊形成。最主要的意义在于该类型常被误诊为毛发上皮瘤或毛发上皮瘤相关的肿瘤。[3]Lear W, Dahlke E, Murray CA. Basal cell carcinoma: review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and associated risk factors. J Cutan Med Surg. 2007;11:19-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17274935?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Raasch BA, Buettner PG, Garbe C. Basal cell carcinoma: histological classification and body-site distribution. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155:401-407.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16882181?tool=bestpractice.com
混合型基底细胞癌
通常情况下(表浅基底细胞癌除外),单纯的基底细胞癌亚型不容易被观察到。通常都是两种或以上上述亚型的混合体。病理报告中确定基底细胞癌的亚型非常重要,临床治疗往往基于此。值得注意的是基底细胞癌存在的时间越长,越容易发生出血,溃疡或结痂。[3]Lear W, Dahlke E, Murray CA. Basal cell carcinoma: review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and associated risk factors. J Cutan Med Surg. 2007;11:19-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17274935?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Raasch BA, Buettner PG, Garbe C. Basal cell carcinoma: histological classification and body-site distribution. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155:401-407.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16882181?tool=bestpractice.com