据报道,急性膀胱炎是最常见的细菌感染,[2]Nicolle LE. Epidemiology of urinary tract infections. Infect Med. 2001;18:153-62.[3]Foxman B. Epidemiology of urinary tract infections: incidence, morbidity, and economic costs. Am J Med. 2002 Jul 8;113(suppl 1A):5-13S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12113866?tool=bestpractice.com 2001年就诊病例达1000万。[4]Schappert SM, Burt CW. Ambulatory care visits to physician offices, hospital outpatient departments, and emergency departments: United States, 2001-02. Vital Health Stat 13. 2006 Feb;(159):1-66.https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_13/sr13_159.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16471269?tool=bestpractice.com 尿路感染(UTIs,Urinary tract infections )占所有门诊患者的1%到3%。[5]Hooton TM, Scholes D, Stapleton AE, et al. A prospective study of asymptomatic bacteriuria in sexually active young women. N Engl J Med. 2000 Oct 5;343(14):992-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11018165?tool=bestpractice.com 急性膀胱炎在女性更为常见。[3]Foxman B. Epidemiology of urinary tract infections: incidence, morbidity, and economic costs. Am J Med. 2002 Jul 8;113(suppl 1A):5-13S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12113866?tool=bestpractice.com 往往归咎于女性尿道相对较短。相较于经绝后的女性,急性非复杂性膀胱炎在绝经前女性中更为常见。[6]Seitz M, Stief C, Waidelich R. Local epidemiology and resistance profiles in acute uncomplicated cystitis (AUC) in women: a prospective cohort study in an urban urological ambulatory setting. BMC Infect Dis. 2017 Oct 16;17(1):685.https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-017-2789-7http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29037164?tool=bestpractice.com 美国一项针对年龄>18 岁女性人群的电话调查发现,2000 例随机抽样中,10.8% 的女性在过去 12 个月中发生过 UTI;33% 的 24 岁以下女性经历过 UTI。[7]Foxman B, Barlow R, D'Arcy H, et al. Urinary tract infection: self-reported incidence and associated costs. Ann Epidemiol. 2000 Nov;10(8):509-15.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11118930?tool=bestpractice.com 这与俄罗斯年轻女性的年发病率相似(19%)。[8]Rafalsky V, Romanenkova O, Sudilovskaya N, et al. Epidemiology of acute cystitis: the first Russian multicentre study. Presented at the 16th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Nice, France, April 1-4 2006. 据估计,大约四分之一患有急性膀胱炎的女性,会发生反复尿路感染。[9]Stapleton A. Prevention of recurrent urinary-tract infections in women. Lancet. 1999 Jan 2;353(9146):7-8. 急性膀胱炎的高患病率会导致抗生素的大量应用。 一项欧洲16国的调查估计每1000居民每天社区获得性UTIs的抗生素用量达9~27人次。[10]Kahlmeter G. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogens in uncomplicated cystitis in Europe. The ECO.SENS study. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2003 Oct;22(suppl 2):49-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14527771?tool=bestpractice.com 作为流行指标之一的抗生素用量在欧洲南部最高。