多种免疫性刺激因子均可导致结节性红斑。自 19 世纪下半叶以来,发现越来越多的疾病与之相关,当时认为“风湿病”是主要病因,结核病为第二常见病因。在 20 世纪上半叶,超过 90% 的患者因结核发病。在 20 世纪下半叶,随着白塞病、球孢子菌病和药物均被纳入潜在病因,引起本病的病因进一步扩展。目前链球菌感染是最常见的明确病因,结节性红斑是炎症性肠病最常见的皮肤表现。[3]Grunewald J, Eklund A. Sex-specific manifestations of Lofgren's syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175:40-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17023727?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Benamour S, Naji T, Alaoui F, et al. Neurological involvement in Behcet's disease: 154 cases from a cohort of 925 patients and review of the literature. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2006;162:1084-1090.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17086145?tool=bestpractice.com[5]DiCaudo DJ. Coccidioidomycosis: a review and update. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55:929-942.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17110216?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Jalava K, Hakkinen M, Valkonen M, et al. An outbreak of gastrointestinal illness and erythema nodosum from grated carrots contaminated with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. J Infect Dis. 2006;194:1209-1216.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17041846?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Klusmann A, Magahed M, Kruse R, et al. Painful rash and swelling of the limbs after recurrent infections in a teenager: polyarteritis nodosa. Acta Paediatr. 2006;95:1317-1320.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16982512?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Friedman ES, LaNatra N, Stiller MJ. NSAIDs in dermatologic therapy: review and preview. J Cutan Med Surg. 2002;6:449-459.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12202973?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Abenavoli L, Proietti I, Leggio L, et al. Cutaneous manifestations in celiac disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12:843-852.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16521210?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Trost L, McDonnell J. Important cutaneous manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Postgrad Med J. 2005;81:580-585.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16143688?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Pettersson T. Sarcoid and erythema nodosum arthropathies. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2000;14:461-476.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10985981?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Velho P, Cintra M, Uthida-Tanaka A, et al. What do we (not) know about the human bartonelloses? Braz J Infect Dis. 2003;7:1-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12807686?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Thrash B, Patel M, Shah KR, et al. Cutaneous manifestations of gastrointestinal disease: part II. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;68:211.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23317981?tool=bestpractice.com
由于结节性红斑也与多种系统性真菌感染相关,故患者生活的地理位置和旅行史都是需要特殊关注的。与组织胞浆菌病相关的结节性红斑主要可见于美国南部和中西部、密西西比河谷、中美洲以及南美洲部分地区,而与球孢子菌病相关的主要可见于美国西部和西南部地区。芽生菌病可能是密西西比河和俄亥俄州河谷、美国中西部和加拿大部分地区结节性红斑的常见病因。在热带地区,结核是主要病因,而 Behcet 病是引起土耳其和地中海沿海地区患者的发病的重要原因。布氏菌病可见于奶厂工人和农夫中,而鹦鹉热与接触鸟类有很大关系。[2]Requena L, Requena C. Erythema nodosum (review). Dermatol Online J. 2002;8:4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12165214?tool=bestpractice.com