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浅表性血栓性静脉炎

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并发症

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并发症 table
并发症	时间表	可能性
感染性（或化脓性）浅表静脉血栓性静脉炎	短期	低
Though septic complications are possible, they usually occur in upper extremity SVT due to intravenous catheterisation and/or infusions. In the presence of signs of infection (e.g., fever, purulent discharge, lymphangitic streak), antibiotic treatment is indicated. Empiric antibiotic therapy for peripheral vein suppurative thrombophlebitis should include an agent with activity against staphylococci plus an agent with activity against Enterobacteriaceae. Antibiotics should be tailored accordingly to culture and sensitivity data when available. If purulent discharge persists or an abscess is present, then surgical intervention may be needed.
抗凝剂相关出血	短期	低
The risk of anticoagulant bleeding varies according to type of anticoagulant, dose of anticoagulant, and patient risk factors. In general, unfractionated heparin (UFH) carries a higher risk of bleeding than low molecular weight heparin (LMWH); the rate of major haemorrhage with UFH ranges from 0% to 7%.[69] As a result, a thorough assessment of risk factors for bleeding (e.g., active peptic ulcer disease, thrombocytopenia, liver disease, other coagulopathy) must be done prior to any decision to prescribe anticoagulants. 肝素相关性出血的治疗取决于出血位置和严重程度，但通常需要及时停用肝素，还可能包括紧急住院进行红细胞输血和给予肝素的解毒剂（如果由普通肝素引起）。
肝素诱导的血小板减少症 (heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, HIT）	短期	低
HIT is a rare but serious complication of patients who are receiving or who have recently received heparin. It usually manifests as a 50% platelet count drop 5 to 10 days after starting a course of heparin. It is more commonly associated with UFH than LMWH. 血栓形成是 HIT 的一种重要并发症。对接受治疗剂量普通肝素的患者，推荐常规监测血小板计数，以识别 HIT，对于使用低分子量肝素治疗的患者，该做法可能也是恰当的。如果接受肝素治疗的 SVT 患者出现全身性血栓形成，应紧急进行血小板计数检查。如果怀疑 HIT，推荐转诊给血液科医师或者血栓形成专科医师。
NSAID-associated acute kidney injury	短期	低
由于肾脏血液动力学改变，非甾体抗炎药可导致盐和液体潴留以及高血压。 They can cause renal impairment, especially in combination with other nephrotoxic agents. 在开具非甾体抗炎药治疗 SVT 之前，评估合用药物和肾功能是必要的。 Acute kidney injury
非甾体抗炎药相关的胃病	短期	低
使用非甾体抗炎药常见的胃肠道药物不良反应包括消化不良以及胃溃疡和出血。 Around 10% to 20% of patients experience dyspepsia with NSAIDs.[70] The effects are dose-dependent, and the risk of ulceration increases with duration of therapy and with higher doses. There are also some differences in the propensity of individual agents to cause gastrointestinal adverse effects. Indometacin and piroxicam have the highest prevalence of gastric adverse effects; ibuprofen and diclofenac appear to have the lowest. It is prudent to use the lowest effective dose for the shortest period of time. 同时使用抑酸剂药物可以预防或减少胃肠道副作用（如果服用 PPI 抑制剂或米索前列醇）。 Peptic ulcer disease
反复发作的 SVT	存在差异	中
The risk of SVT recurrence ranges from 1.6% to 12.2% in treated patients and 3.3% to 36.7% in untreated patients.[67] 持续潜在的风险因素可以有很多，例如静脉曲张、恶性肿瘤，先前的静脉血栓栓塞和/或静脉血栓栓塞的家族病史。[68]
静脉血栓栓塞 (VTE)	存在差异	低
In patients with superficial vein thrombophlebitis (SVT) treated with anticoagulation or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), the risk for subsequent deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) is about 0% to 5.5%.[67] 一些研究报告指出，在未接受药物或手术治疗的患者中，3 个月随访期间后续静脉血栓栓塞的发生率为 1.7%-26.9%。[8][42][51][54] 随后的深静脉血栓形成或肺动脉栓塞的风险取决于此前静脉血栓栓塞病史等因素。 Deep vein thrombosis

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