苯丙胺对中枢神经突触内的单胺能神经递质多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素和 5-羟色胺有促进释放、阻断再摄取的作用。 苯丙胺和其衍生物(例如去氧麻黄碱)对去甲肾上腺素的影响最大,而 MDMA 相关化合物对 5-羟色胺有更大的影响。 大量使用的情况下能够产生交感神经过度兴奋的类似症状,可能导致血清素毒性作用。[9]Carvalho M, Carmo H, Costa VM, et al. Toxicity of amphetamines: an update. Arch Toxicol. 2012;86:1167-1231.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22392347?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Liechti M. Novel psychoactive substances (designer drugs): overview and pharmacology of modulators of monoamine signaling. Swiss Med Wkly. 2015;145:w14043.https://smw.ch/article/doi/smw.2015.14043http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25588018?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, Beasley DM. The clinical toxicology of metamfetamine. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2010;48:675-694.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20849327?tool=bestpractice.com 不过,已经证明苯丙胺对非单胺能系统(例如谷氨酸、内源性阿片类物质、内源性大麻素和乙酰胆碱)有广泛的神经生物学下游效应。[22]Hutson PH, Tarazi FI, Madhoo M, et al. Preclinical pharmacology of amphetamine: implications for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacol Ther. 2014;143:253-264.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24657455?tool=bestpractice.com
严重并发症的发生取决于个体易感性以及使用情况。[10]Harro J. Neuropsychiatric adverse effects of amphetamine and methamphetamine. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2015;120:179-204.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26070758?tool=bestpractice.com 例如,MDMA 相关的高热和大量发汗较为常见,并且可因燥热、拥挤的环境以及在舞会上剧烈摇摆身体而加剧,这些药物经常在舞会上使用。 这种情况可能会导致钠离子伴随着汗水大量流失。[4]Bowyer JF, Hanig JP. Amphetamine- and methamphetamine-induced hyperthermia: implications of the effects produced in brain vasculature and peripheral organs to forebrain neurotoxicity. Temperature (Austin). 2014;1:172-182.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/23328940.2014.982049http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27626044?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Matsumoto RR, Seminerio MJ, Turner RC, et al. Methamphetamine-induced toxicity: an updated review on issues related to hyperthermia. Pharmacol Ther. 2014;144:28-40.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4700537/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24836729?tool=bestpractice.com 若毒品使用者为了止渴而大量喝水,由抗利尿激素分泌不当、体液潴留促发的血液稀释和低钠血症可能导致脑水肿和癫痫发作。[7]Kalant H. The pharmacology and toxicology of "ecstasy" (MDMA) and related drugs. CMAJ. 2001;165:917-928.http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/165/7/917http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11599334?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Hall AP, Henry JA. Acute toxic effects of 'Ecstasy' (MDMA) and related compounds: overview of pathophysiology and clinical management. Br J Anaesth. 2006;96:678-685.http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/96/6/678http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16595612?tool=bestpractice.com 高温症状下也可能伴随发生横纹肌溶解、代谢性酸中毒、肾功能衰竭、DIC伴微梗死风险以及ARDS。[7]Kalant H. The pharmacology and toxicology of "ecstasy" (MDMA) and related drugs. CMAJ. 2001;165:917-928.http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/165/7/917http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11599334?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Hall AP, Henry JA. Acute toxic effects of 'Ecstasy' (MDMA) and related compounds: overview of pathophysiology and clinical management. Br J Anaesth. 2006;96:678-685.http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/96/6/678http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16595612?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Richards JR, Johnson EB, Stark RW, et al. Methamphetamine abuse and rhabdomyolysis in the ED: a 5-year study. Am J Emerg Med. 1999;17:681-685.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10597089?tool=bestpractice.com 急性肾功能衰竭可能是由肌红蛋白对肾小管的直接毒性作用或者由肾小动脉血管收缩反应后的肾脏缺血造成。 肝细胞性坏死可能继发于高热、细胞色素P450氧化酶CYP2D6基因的缺乏,也可能通过免疫介导机制。[7]Kalant H. The pharmacology and toxicology of "ecstasy" (MDMA) and related drugs. CMAJ. 2001;165:917-928.http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/165/7/917http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11599334?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Hall AP, Henry JA. Acute toxic effects of 'Ecstasy' (MDMA) and related compounds: overview of pathophysiology and clinical management. Br J Anaesth. 2006;96:678-685.http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/96/6/678http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16595612?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Carvalho M, Carmo H, Costa VM, et al. Toxicity of amphetamines: an update. Arch Toxicol. 2012;86:1167-1231.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22392347?tool=bestpractice.com 苯丙胺诱导的循环中去甲肾上腺素的增加促进了心血管的反应,最明显的是伴有中枢神经系统出血风险增加的高血压。 伴或不伴有心律失常的心动过速增加了心脏负荷,可能导致心力衰竭。[7]Kalant H. The pharmacology and toxicology of "ecstasy" (MDMA) and related drugs. CMAJ. 2001;165:917-928.http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/165/7/917http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11599334?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Hall AP, Henry JA. Acute toxic effects of 'Ecstasy' (MDMA) and related compounds: overview of pathophysiology and clinical management. Br J Anaesth. 2006;96:678-685.http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/96/6/678http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16595612?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Carvalho M, Carmo H, Costa VM, et al. Toxicity of amphetamines: an update. Arch Toxicol. 2012;86:1167-1231.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22392347?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Harro J. Neuropsychiatric adverse effects of amphetamine and methamphetamine. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2015;120:179-204.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26070758?tool=bestpractice.com
苯丙胺毒性可通过多种机制导致患者死亡,包括:[9]Carvalho M, Carmo H, Costa VM, et al. Toxicity of amphetamines: an update. Arch Toxicol. 2012;86:1167-1231.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22392347?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, Beasley DM. The clinical toxicology of metamfetamine. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2010;48:675-694.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20849327?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Kaye S, Darke S, Duflou J, et al. Methamphetamine-related fatalities in Australia: demographics, circumstances, toxicology and major organ pathology. Addiction. 2008;103:1353-1360.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18855825?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Schifano F, Corkery J, Naidoo V, et al. Overview of amphetamine-type stimulant mortality data - UK, 1997-2007. Neuropsychobiology. 2010;61:122-130.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20110737?tool=bestpractice.com