案例
一个20岁男性情绪激动出现在急诊科。 说明其在一个舞蹈俱乐部花10英镑买了一片药并被告知这是“E(一种毒品)”。 生命体征:肛温38.8°C(102°F),血压125/80mmHg。 查体发现他有心动过速和容量不足,伴有皮肤干瘪和口干。 无眼阵挛、反射亢进或僵硬,也无局灶性神经系统体征。 患者急诊时出现一次强直-阵挛发作性癫痫,给予静脉用药地西泮缓解。
其他表现
苯丙胺过量的非典型表现包括伴有低钠血症的抗利尿激素异常分泌综合征。 这类患者可出现危及生命的脑水肿。 另一个不常见但有过详细报道的表现是蛛网膜下腔出血,被认为与交感神经过度兴奋和血压升高直接相关。[2]Moon K, Albuquerque FC, Mitkov M, et al. Methamphetamine use is an independent predictor of poor outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurointerv Surg. 2015;7:346-350.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24780822?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Gledhill JA, Moore DF, Bell D, et al. Subarachnoid haemorrhage associated with MDMA abuse. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1993;56:1036-1037.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8105032?tool=bestpractice.com 过热也可能导致类似于严重中暑的临床表现:横纹肌溶解、代谢性酸中毒、肾衰竭、弥散性血管内凝血 (DIC) 伴有微小梗死风险,以及急性呼吸窘迫综合征 (ARDS)。[4]Bowyer JF, Hanig JP. Amphetamine- and methamphetamine-induced hyperthermia: implications of the effects produced in brain vasculature and peripheral organs to forebrain neurotoxicity. Temperature (Austin). 2014;1:172-182.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/23328940.2014.982049http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27626044?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Matsumoto RR, Seminerio MJ, Turner RC, et al. Methamphetamine-induced toxicity: an updated review on issues related to hyperthermia. Pharmacol Ther. 2014;144:28-40.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4700537/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24836729?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: results from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. September 2016. https://www.samhsa.gov/ (last accessed 25 May 2017).https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-FFR1-2015/NSDUH-FFR1-2015/NSDUH-FFR1-2015.htm[7]Kalant H. The pharmacology and toxicology of "ecstasy" (MDMA) and related drugs. CMAJ. 2001;165:917-928.http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/165/7/917http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11599334?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Hall AP, Henry JA. Acute toxic effects of 'Ecstasy' (MDMA) and related compounds: overview of pathophysiology and clinical management. Br J Anaesth. 2006;96:678-685.http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/96/6/678http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16595612?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Carvalho M, Carmo H, Costa VM, et al. Toxicity of amphetamines: an update. Arch Toxicol. 2012;86:1167-1231.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22392347?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Harro J. Neuropsychiatric adverse effects of amphetamine and methamphetamine. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2015;120:179-204.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26070758?tool=bestpractice.com