由于子宫内膜异位症患者症状各异,治疗应个体化。即使在评估阶段进行的辅助检查无阳性发现,对子宫内膜异位症的临床怀疑应指导治疗。其主要目的是提供安全、有效的诊疗,同时尽量减少潜在的风险并解决患者所关注的问题(如疼痛或生育能力等)。由于存在多项鉴别诊断,同时目前尚无有效且单一的长期干预措施,故推荐多学科协作的诊治方法。
由于子宫内膜异位症作为一种慢性病,易复发,这里列举的治疗方案并非均能有效缓解疼痛。治疗目的应为尽量降低药物或手术治疗后数月内的复发风险。[44]Miller JD, Shaw RW, Casper RF, et al. Historical prospective cohort study of the recurrence of pain after discontinuation of treatment with danazol or a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist. Fertil Steril. 1998 Aug;70(2):293-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9696224?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Jarrell JF, Vilos GA, Allaire C, et al. Consensus guidelines for the management of chronic pelvic pain. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2005 Aug;27(8):781-826.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16287011?tool=bestpractice.com
药物处理
对于未确诊的卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿,或非疑似重度或深部浸润型子宫内膜异位症的患者,多数临床医生会选择含有非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID) 的药物治疗方案,以拮抗前列腺素介导的疼痛,同时联合其中一种类固醇激素衍生物(通过抑制下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴,抑制异位内膜的生长和活性并诱导闭经)。 [
]What are the benefits and harms of treatments for pain and subfertility in women with endometriosis?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.968/full显示答案
大部分激素类药物在治疗子宫内膜异位症相关疼痛时是等效的。[46]Davis LJ, Kennedy S, Moore J, et al. Modern combined oral contraceptives for pain associated with endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jul 18;(3):CD001019.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001019.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17636650?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Brown J, Kives S, Akhtar M. Progestagens and anti-progestagens for pain associated with endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Mar 14;(3):CD002122.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002122.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22419284?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Abou-Setta AM, Houston B, Al-Inany HG, et al. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device (LNG-IUD) for symptomatic endometriosis following surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jan 31;(1):CD005072.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005072.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23440798?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Petta CA, Ferriani RA, Abrao MS, et al. Randomized clinical trial of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and a depot GnRH analogue for the treatment of chronic pelvic pain in women with endometriosis. Human Reprod. 2005 Jul;20(7):1993-8.http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/20/7/1993http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15790607?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Selak V, Farquhar C, Prentice A, et al. Danazol for pelvic pain associated with endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Oct 17;(4):CD000068.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000068.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17943735?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Surrey ES, Hornstein MD. Prolonged GnRH agonist and add-back therapy for symptomatic endometriosis: long-term follow up. Obstet Gynecol. 2002 May;99(5 Pt 1):709-19.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11978277?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Brown J, Pan A, Hart RJ. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogues for pain associated with endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Dec 8;(12):CD008475.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008475.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21154398?tool=bestpractice.com 治疗选择主要应考虑治疗反应、副作用或生育要求。
OCPs 还常被用来控制月经周期和抑制排卵。一些研究发现术后应用 OCP 可减少解剖学复发,降低痛经复发的频率和强度。[53]Seracchioli R, Mabrouk M, Manuzzi L, et al. Post-operative use of oral contraceptive pills for prevention of anatomical relapse or symptom-recurrence after conservative surgery for endometriosis. Hum Reprod. 2009 Nov;24(11):2729-35.http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/11/2729.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19625310?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Seracchioli R, Mabrouk M, Frasca C, et al. Long-term cyclic and continuous oral contraceptive therapy and endometrioma recurrence: a randomized controlled trial. Fertil Steril. 2010 Jan;93(1):52-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18973896?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Seracchioli R, Mabrouk M, Frasca C, et al. Long-term oral contraceptive pills and postoperative pain management after laparoscopic excision of ovarian endometrioma: a randomized controlled trial. Fertil Steril. 2010 Jul;94(2):464-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19442968?tool=bestpractice.com 由于临床试验缺乏有效的对照组,因此 OCPs 的使用多基于常见的临床指南,而非循证证据。[46]Davis LJ, Kennedy S, Moore J, et al. Modern combined oral contraceptives for pain associated with endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jul 18;(3):CD001019.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001019.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17636650?tool=bestpractice.com
口服避孕药可周期性或连续性服药。虽然无停药间期的连续性服药方式可降低痛经和术后子宫内膜异位囊肿的复发率,但副作用也更常见。[56]Muzii L, Di Tucci C, Achilli C, et al. Continuous versus cyclic oral contraceptives after laparoscopic excision of ovarian endometriomas: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016 Feb;214(2):203-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26364832?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Dmitrovic R, Kunselman AR, Legro RS. Continuous compared with cyclic oral contraceptives for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Jun;119(6):1143-50.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3631421/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22617578?tool=bestpractice.com
在临床试验中,NSAIDs 可有效镇痛,缓解原发性痛经,但用于治疗子宫内膜异位症相关疼痛仍无定论。[58]Marjoribanks J, Ayeleke RO, Farquhar C, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jul 30;(7):CD001751.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001751.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26224322?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Brown J, Crawford TJ, Allen C, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for pain in women with endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jan 23;(1):CD004753.http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004753.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28114727?tool=bestpractice.com NSAIDs 可单独使用,也可与口服避孕药联合使用。
目前研究已证明,孕激素类药物(如甲羟孕酮、左炔诺孕酮和地诺孕素)和抗孕激素类药物与其他激素疗法同样有效,但耐受性各异。[47]Brown J, Kives S, Akhtar M. Progestagens and anti-progestagens for pain associated with endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Mar 14;(3):CD002122.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002122.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22419284?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Strowitzki T, Marr J, Gerlinger C, et al. Dienogest is as effective as leuprolide acetate in treating the painful symptoms of endometriosis: a 24-week, randomized, multicentre, open-label trial. Hum Reprod. 2010 Mar;25(3):633-41.http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/3/633.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20089522?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the effects of progestagens and anti-progestagens in women with pain associated with endometriosis?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.453/full显示答案 在一项 6 至 12 个月的随访中发现,左炔诺孕酮宫内节育器 (IUD) 可有效改善分期以及盆腔疼痛。[48]Abou-Setta AM, Houston B, Al-Inany HG, et al. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device (LNG-IUD) for symptomatic endometriosis following surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jan 31;(1):CD005072.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005072.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23440798?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Bahamondes L, Petta CA, Fernandes A, et al. Use of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in women with endometriosis, chronic pelvic pain and dysmenorrhea. Contraception. 2007 Jun;75(6 Suppl):S134-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17531605?tool=bestpractice.com也可应用于晚期疾病患者。[48]Abou-Setta AM, Houston B, Al-Inany HG, et al. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device (LNG-IUD) for symptomatic endometriosis following surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jan 31;(1):CD005072.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005072.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23440798?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Petta CA, Ferriani RA, Abrao MS, et al. Randomized clinical trial of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and a depot GnRH analogue for the treatment of chronic pelvic pain in women with endometriosis. Human Reprod. 2005 Jul;20(7):1993-8.http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/20/7/1993http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15790607?tool=bestpractice.com 地诺孕素(一种口服孕激素类药物)在欧洲、加拿大和日本以及其他国家被批准用于治疗子宫内膜异位症。此药可减少子宫内膜异位病变,并可提供与促性腺激素释放激素 (GnRH) 激动剂相同的症状缓解疗效,同时可改善多项生活质量评估指标。[62]Strowitzki T, Marr J, Gerlinger C, et al. Detailed analysis of a randomized, multicenter, comparative trial of dienogest versus leuprolide acetate in endometriosis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012 Jun;117(3):228-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22459918?tool=bestpractice.com 地诺孕素目前在美国和其他国家还不可用,除非与戊酸雌二醇联合用药。但是,这种联合用药在治疗子宫内膜异位症时有时是超适应症用药的。有些孕激素类药物可能会降低骨密度 (bone mineral density, BMD),尤其在延长用药时。这种影响在处于骨发育高峰期的青少年中可能会更明显。醋酸甲羟孕酮皮下制剂以及左炔诺孕酮宫内节育器可能降低这一风险。[44]Miller JD, Shaw RW, Casper RF, et al. Historical prospective cohort study of the recurrence of pain after discontinuation of treatment with danazol or a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist. Fertil Steril. 1998 Aug;70(2):293-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9696224?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Petta CA, Ferriani RA, Abrao MS, et al. Randomized clinical trial of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and a depot GnRH analogue for the treatment of chronic pelvic pain in women with endometriosis. Human Reprod. 2005 Jul;20(7):1993-8.http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/20/7/1993http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15790607?tool=bestpractice.com其他副作用包括体重增加、子宫不规则出血和情绪的改变。
促性腺激素释放激素激动剂可诱发严重的低雌激素状态,可以连续给药长达 12 个月。通常在口服避孕药或其他一线用药无效时给药,[27]Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Endometriosis: diagnosis and management. July 2010 [internet publication].http://www.sogc.org/guidelines/documents/gui244CPG1007E.pdf 或可作为深部浸润型子宫内膜异位症手术的辅助治疗。[34]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. NICE guideline [NG73] Endometriosis: diagnosis and management. September 2017 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng73 一些临床医生将此类药物作为一线治疗用药。应在开始 GnRH 激动剂治疗时即给予“反向添加”激素治疗,以改善更年期症状以及减少对骨密度的影响。[51]Surrey ES, Hornstein MD. Prolonged GnRH agonist and add-back therapy for symptomatic endometriosis: long-term follow up. Obstet Gynecol. 2002 May;99(5 Pt 1):709-19.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11978277?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Brown J, Pan A, Hart RJ. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogues for pain associated with endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Dec 8;(12):CD008475.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008475.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21154398?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Sagsveen M, Farmer JE, Prentice A, et al. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogues for endometriosis: bone mineral density. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(4):CD001297.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001297/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14583930?tool=bestpractice.com 用于缓解血管舒缩症状的非激素类“反向添加”疗法主要包括:选择性血清素再摄取抑制剂 (SSRIs)、5-羟色胺去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂 (SNRIs) 和各种草药。GnRH 激动剂没有孕激素和雄激素的一些不良副作用,因此常推荐在开始其他激素类药物治疗之前使用,但也有部分患者无法耐受。由于对骨密度的影响,GnRH 激动剂对于青少年患者来说可能不是很理想。一项临床试验的结果表明,GnRH 激动剂与连续应用口服避孕药对治疗子宫内膜异位症相关疼痛的疗效相似。[64]Guzick DS, Huang LS, Broadman BA, et al. Randomized trial of leuprolide versus continuous oral contraceptives in the treatment of endometriosis-associated pelvic pain. Fertil Steril. 2011 Apr;95(5):1568-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21300339?tool=bestpractice.com
已证实达那唑(一种人工合成雄激素)具有主观性和客观性获益,但由于可导致面部毛发变暗、痤疮、皮肤出油、声音变低沉以及男性型脱发等不良反应,其应用受到了限制。[50]Selak V, Farquhar C, Prentice A, et al. Danazol for pelvic pain associated with endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Oct 17;(4):CD000068.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000068.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17943735?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Hughes E, Brown J, Collins JJ, et al. Ovulation suppression for endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jul 18;(3):CD000155.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17636607?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,一些研究发现达那唑可能导致卵巢癌。[66]Cottreau CM, Ness RB, Modugno F, et al. Endometriosis and its treatment with danazol or lupron in relation to ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2003 Nov 1;9(14):5142-4.http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/9/14/5142.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14613992?tool=bestpractice.com 孕三烯酮是一种 19-去甲睾酮(雄激素)衍生物,具有抗孕激素活性。作为一种长效药物,其亦具有抗雌激素和抗性腺激素的活性。[47]Brown J, Kives S, Akhtar M. Progestagens and anti-progestagens for pain associated with endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Mar 14;(3):CD002122.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002122.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22419284?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Bromham DR, Booker MW, Rose GL, et al. Updating the clinical experience in endometriosis - the European perspective. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1995 Oct;102 Suppl 12:12-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7577849?tool=bestpractice.com 主要副作用为雄激素过高的相关症状(油性皮肤、不可逆的声音改变及痤疮)。在美国,目前尚未获得 FDA 批准。
尚无足够证据支持己酮可可碱用于改善子宫内膜异位症患者的疼痛和妊娠结局。[68]Lu D, Song H, Li Y, et al. Pentoxifylline for endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jan 18;(1):CD007677.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007677.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22258970?tool=bestpractice.com
保留生育功能的手术治疗
手术治疗主要用于药物治疗失败的难治性疼痛患者、晚期疾病患者和相关的不孕患者。亦也可用于药物治疗之前的子宫内膜异位症的诊断。几项研究证实,手术治疗可明显减轻子宫内膜异位症患者的疼痛。 [
]What are the benefits and harms of treatments for pain and subfertility in women with endometriosis?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.968/full显示答案
对于何时给予手术治疗,不同专家之间是有争议的。通常由医生和患者共同决定。激素治疗的副作用可能会影响决策,如对青少年患者,由于 GnRH-a 和孕激素类药物对 BMD 的潜在影响,在发育的关键点,初始治疗使用 GnRH-a 或孕激素可能不是一个理想的方案。当然,最终目的是避免多次手术。因此,如果患者比较年轻,可考虑首先实验性给予药物治疗。如果患者对一线药物耐药,此时发生子宫内膜异位症的概率更高,可考虑手术。如果症状和临床检查提示深部浸润型子宫内膜异位症或重度病变,应在药物治疗前,首选手术治疗。[69]Koninckx PR, Ussia A, Adamyan L, et al. Deep endometriosis: definition, diagnosis, and treatment. Fertil Steril. 2012 Sep;98(3):564-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22938769?tool=bestpractice.com 卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿对激素抑制治疗反应差,如有症状,应予以手术治疗。目前尚无充分证据证明术前或术后的激素抑制治疗是否比单纯手术有明显更多的获益。不过,在切除子宫内膜异位囊肿后连续应用口服避孕药(相对于周期性应用)可降低痛经的发生率,故可能有些获益。[70]Yap C, Furness S, Farquhar C, et al. Pre and post operative medical therapy for endometriosis surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(3):CD003678.http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003678.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15266496?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Sesti F, Capozzolo T, Pietropolli A, et al. Recurrence rate of endometrioma after laparoscopic cystectomy: a comparative randomized trial between post-operative hormonal suppression treatment or dietary therapy vs. placebo. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2009 Nov;147(1):72-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19665279?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Muzii L, Di Tucci C, Achilli C, et al. Continuous versus cyclic oral contraceptives after laparoscopic excision of ovarian endometriomas: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016 Feb;214(2):203-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26364832?tool=bestpractice.com
腹腔镜下靶向破坏病灶、恢复盆腔解剖,可显著改善多数患者的疼痛,但疾病和疼痛复发并不少见。[72]Sutton CJ, Pooley AS, Ewen SP, et al. Follow-up report on a randomized controlled trial of laser laparoscopy in the treatment of pelvic pain associated with minimal to moderate endometriosis. 1997 Dec;68(6):1070-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9418699?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Busacca M, Chiaffarino F, Candiani M, et al. Determinants of long-term clinically detected recurrence rates of deep, ovarian, and pelvic endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Aug;195(2):426-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16890551?tool=bestpractice.com
虽然腹腔镜下所见与症状的严重程度不完全相关,但疼痛似乎与腹膜浸润深度相关。[74]Koninckx PR, Meuleman C, Demeyere S, et al. Suggestive evidence that pelvic endometriosis is a progressive disease, whereas deeply infiltrating endometriosis is associated with pelvic pain. Fertil Steril. 1991 Apr;55(4):759-65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2010001?tool=bestpractice.com 对于微小至中度病变,外科手术或激光消融治疗可缓解症状长达6个月以上。[72]Sutton CJ, Pooley AS, Ewen SP, et al. Follow-up report on a randomized controlled trial of laser laparoscopy in the treatment of pelvic pain associated with minimal to moderate endometriosis. 1997 Dec;68(6):1070-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9418699?tool=bestpractice.com 对于有症状的深部浸润型子宫内膜异位症患者,理想情况下需完全切除病灶,恢复正常解剖。[74]Koninckx PR, Meuleman C, Demeyere S, et al. Suggestive evidence that pelvic endometriosis is a progressive disease, whereas deeply infiltrating endometriosis is associated with pelvic pain. Fertil Steril. 1991 Apr;55(4):759-65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2010001?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Chopin N, Vieira M, Borghese B, et al. Operative management of deeply infiltrating endometriosis: results on pelvic pain symptoms according to a surgical classification. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2005 Mar-Apr;12(2):106-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15904612?tool=bestpractice.com
手术后疼痛缓解可长达5年,但对于中重度患者,高达50%的患者需要再次手术。[76]Abbott JA, Hawe J, Clayton RD, et al. The effects and effectiveness of laparoscopic excision of endometriosis: a prospective study with 2-5 year follow-up. Hum Reprod. 2003 Sep;18(9):1922-7.http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/18/9/1922http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12923150?tool=bestpractice.com 手术切除不彻底及年轻是复发的高危因素。[73]Busacca M, Chiaffarino F, Candiani M, et al. Determinants of long-term clinically detected recurrence rates of deep, ovarian, and pelvic endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Aug;195(2):426-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16890551?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Fedele L, Bianchi S, Zanconato G, et al. Tailoring radicality in demolitive surgery for deeply infiltrating endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Jul;193(1):114-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16021068?tool=bestpractice.com
对于有右下腹痛主诉的可疑子宫内膜异位症患者,腹腔镜手术时,如发现阑尾外观异常,可考虑行阑尾切除术。术后高达 50% 的阑尾标本存在病理异常,但对疼痛的影响和远期的不良反应尚难评估。[78]Berker B, Lashay N, Davarpanah R, et al. Laparoscopic appendectomy in patients with endometriosis. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2005 May-Jun;12(3):206-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15922976?tool=bestpractice.com
对于有症状的肠道受累患者,是否应行结直肠切除术仍存在争议。一项中等大小的序列研究结果显示,手术切除可明显降低疼痛评分,改善患者的生活质量评估结果,但可发生严重并发症,如直肠阴道瘘(约10%)。[79]Abrão MS, Petraglia F, Falcone T, et al. Deep endometriosis infiltrating the recto-sigmoid: critical factors to consider before management. Hum Reprod Update. 2015 May-Jun;21(3):329-39.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25618908?tool=bestpractice.com 结直肠的盘状或节段性切除可通过腹腔镜或开腹手术进行,对于有生育要求的女性可同时保留子宫及附件。
由于粘连和解剖扭曲,术中可发生肠穿孔或输尿管损伤,手术的获益必须超过手术本身的风险。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 腹腔镜图像:卵巢子宫内膜异位症Jonathon Solnik 医生提供并授权使用 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 子宫内膜异位症结节的腹腔镜照片Jonathon Solnik 医生提供并授权使用 [Citation ends].
无生育要求的患者的手术治疗
根治性手术主要适用于:保守治疗后仍又持续疼痛并且无生育要求的患者;手术方式包括子宫切除术和子宫双附件切除术。全子宫双附件切除同时切除肉眼可见的腹膜病变,尤其是深部浸润型子宫内膜异位症,是最佳的治疗方法。[80]Namnoum AB, Hickman TN, Goodman SB, et al. Incidence of symptom recurrence after hysterectomy for endometriosis. Fertil Steril. 1995 Nov;64(5):898-902.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7589631?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Duffy JM, Arambage K, Correa FJ, et al. Laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Apr 3;(4):CD011031.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011031.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24696265?tool=bestpractice.com 该项治疗的理论基础为去除子宫内膜异位症的常见种植部位,同时切断内源性雌激素的主要来源。然而,该治疗方式是否有效,尤其对于周期性疼痛患者,文献报道差别不大。[82]Martin DC. Hysterectomy for treatment of pain associated with endometriosis. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2006 Nov-Dec;13(6):566-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17097580?tool=bestpractice.com 尽管子宫内膜异位症患者可能有非周期性疼痛,但是为了最大程度降低手术不成功的风险,应在子宫切除术前进行全面的疼痛评估。术后常需雌激素替代治疗,以减少血管舒缩症状,降低骨质流失的风险,尤其是对于绝经前女性和有症状的绝经后妇女。在启动激素替代治疗 (HRT) 前,需要与患者讨论 HRT 的潜在获益和可能的风险(例如:增加乳腺癌的风险,绝经后发生静脉血栓和卒中的风险)。
子宫内膜异位症和低生育力
子宫内膜异位症相关低生育力可以通过药物干预(控制性超促排卵)、IVF 或手术病灶切除进行改善。一项Cochrane综述显示:对育龄期子宫内膜异位症相关低生育力患者,无证据支持在试孕之前给予卵巢抑制治疗。[65]Hughes E, Brown J, Collins JJ, et al. Ovulation suppression for endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jul 18;(3):CD000155.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17636607?tool=bestpractice.com 自从高级辅助生殖技术成功治疗不孕症后,手术的作用存在争议,但对于大多数疾病状态,仍考虑手术。但是,如果患者出现症状,无论处于何年龄均应采取手术治疗。对于 IVF 失败的患有或不患有重度疾病的患者,也可能适合手术治疗,术中尽量切除所有可见的子宫内膜异位症病灶。 [
]What are the benefits and harms of treatments for pain and subfertility in women with endometriosis?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.968/full显示答案
对于这些患者,控制性超促排卵可通过诱导排卵药物实现,包括:选择性雌激素受体调节剂(即,氯米芬)、芳香酶抑制剂(如来曲唑)、高度纯化的促性腺激素(又称尿促性素)或重组卵泡刺激素。
虽然专家们尚未达成共识,但对于生育能力较低的子宫内膜异位症患者,治疗方式正在发生转变。对于高龄、合并多项低生育力相关因素(如子宫内膜异位症)的女性,试管婴儿 (IVF) 可获得比手术治疗更好的获益。虽然花费较高,但 IVF 可能是生育能力较低的重度子宫内膜异位症患者的最佳选择,不过尚未得到大型随机临床试验的验证。虽然对于重度子宫内膜异位症患者生育能力低下的治疗仍有争议,IVF 仍是有症状的重度患者或既往 IVF 周期治疗失败患者的可选方案之一。[83]Surrey ES. Endometriosis and assisted reproductive technologies: maximizing outcomes. Semin Reprod Med. 2013 Mar;31(2):154-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23446863?tool=bestpractice.com
对于轻度以下子宫内膜异位症患者,单纯腹腔镜治疗可明显提高患者生育力。[84]Marcoux S, Maheux R, Bérubé S. Laparoscopic surgery in infertile women with minimal or mild endometriosis. Canadian Collaborative Group on Endometriosis. N Engl J Med. 1997 Jul 24;337(4):217-22.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199707243370401#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9227926?tool=bestpractice.com 与初次手术相比,对复发性子宫内膜异位症行再次手术对术后受孕率的影响较小。[85]Vercellini P, Somigliana E, Vigano, et al. The effect of second-line surgery on reproductive performance of women with recurrent endometriosis: a systematic review. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2009;88(10):1074-82.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19707899?tool=bestpractice.com 对于 III/IV 期子宫内膜异位症患者(卵巢子宫内膜异位症囊肿),保守性手术主要适用于合并临床症状的患者。如果存在由子宫内膜瘤引起的疼痛或占位效应,应进行手术切除。然而,如果子宫内膜瘤为无意间发现,主要关注的问题是不孕,那么治疗初始可采用辅助生殖技术。相较于囊液引流和囊壁消融,囊肿壁切除能更好地减少疼痛和预防囊肿复发。[86]Dubernard G, Piketty M, Rouzier R, et al. Quality of life after laparoscopic colorectal resection for endometriosis. Hum Reprod. 2006 May;21(5):1243-7.http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/21/5/1243http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16439504?tool=bestpractice.com
巧克力囊肿术后发生卵巢功能衰竭(始基卵泡数量减少)的风险约为2.4%。[73]Busacca M, Chiaffarino F, Candiani M, et al. Determinants of long-term clinically detected recurrence rates of deep, ovarian, and pelvic endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Aug;195(2):426-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16890551?tool=bestpractice.com 合并低生育力的子宫内膜异位症囊肿患者对促性腺激素反应降低,但 IVF 成功率与延期手术组相似。[87]Matalliotakis IM, Cakmak H, Mahutte N, et al. Women with advanced-stage endometriosis and previous surgery respond less well to gonadotropin stimulation, but have similar IVF implantation and delivery rates compared with women with tubal factor infertility. Fertil Steril. 2007 Dec;88(6):1568-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17349642?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 腹腔镜图像:卵巢子宫内膜异位症Jonathon Solnik 医生提供并授权使用 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 子宫内膜异位症结节的腹腔镜照片Jonathon Solnik 医生提供并授权使用 [Citation ends].