强迫性障碍可能是多因素导致的结果, 遗传因素很重要,因为同卵双生双胞胎比异卵双生双胞胎更容易表现出强迫性障碍症状。[7]Grados MA, Walkup J, Walford S. Genetics of obsessive-compulsive disorders: new findings and challenges. Brain Dev. 2003;25:55-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14980374?tool=bestpractice.com 强迫性障碍患者的一级亲属患强迫性障碍的风险高于普通人群。[8]Jenike MA. Clinical practice. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:259-265.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14724305?tool=bestpractice.com 有证据表明该疾病是常染色体显性遗传性疾病。[9]Nicolini H, Hanna GL, Baxter L, et al. Segregation analysis of obsessive compulsive and associated disorders: preliminary results. Ursus Medicus. 1991;1:25-28.[10]Cavallini MC, Pasquale L, Bellodi L, et al. Complex segregation analysis for obsessive compulsive disorder and related disorders. Am J Med Genet. 1999;88:38-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10050965?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Cavallini MC, Bertelli S, Chiapparino D, et al. Complex segregation analysis of obsessive-compulsive disorder in 141 families of eating disorder probands, with and without obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Med Genet. 2000;96:384-391.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10898919?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Nestadt G, Lan T, Samuels J, et al. Complex segregation analysis provides compelling evidence for a major gene underlying obsessive-compulsive disorder and for heterogeneity by sex. Am J Hum Genet. 2000;67:1611-1616.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1287940/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11058433?tool=bestpractice.com 候补基因与5-羟色胺,多巴胺及谷氨酸神经递质系统有关系。[13]Bjorgvinsson T, Hart J, Heffelfinger S. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: update on assessment and treatment. J Psychiatr Pract. 2007;13:362-372.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18032981?tool=bestpractice.com 强迫性障碍相关的遗传学研究旨在阐明遗传因素在强迫性障碍发展中的作用。[14]Samuels JF, Riddle MA, Greenberg BD, et al. The OCD collaborative genetics study: methods and sample description. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2006;141:201-207.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16511842?tool=bestpractice.com 最近一项动物实验表明,谷氨酸能突触后支架蛋白基因的缺失会导致小鼠的过度梳理行为。[15]Welch JM, Lu J, Rodriguiz RM, et al. Cortico-striatal synaptic defects and OCD-like behaviours in Sapap3-mutant mice. Nature. 2007;448:894-900.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17713528?tool=bestpractice.com
习得理论解释,暂时地减轻焦虑,强迫行为会得到自我强化。[13]Bjorgvinsson T, Hart J, Heffelfinger S. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: update on assessment and treatment. J Psychiatr Pract. 2007;13:362-372.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18032981?tool=bestpractice.com 认知理论认为,强迫性观念代表一个人对自己想法、形象和冲动存在灾难化的误读。[16]Rachman S. A cognitive theory of obsessions. Behav Res Ther. 1997;35:793-802.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9299799?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Rachman S. A cognitive theory of obsessions: elaborations. Behav Res Ther. 1998;36:385-401.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9670600?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Rachman S. Progress toward a cognitive clinical psychology. J Psychosom Res. 1998;45:387-389.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9835231?tool=bestpractice.com 在强迫症患者中常见的一些认知歪曲包括:过分高估威胁、难以忍受不确定性、过分看重想法、过分控制想法和完美主义。[19]Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group. Cognitive assessment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther. 1997;35:667-681.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9193129?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,孕期与强迫症状的发展有关联,在一项包含 59 名女性强迫性障碍患者的研究中,39% 的受试者是在妊娠期首次出现了强迫性障碍症状。[20]Neziroglu F, Anemone R, Yaryura-Tobias JA. Onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder in pregnancy. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149:947-950.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1609876?tool=bestpractice.com 罕见情况下,纹状体病变或脑外伤也会导致强迫性障碍。[6]World Health Organization. The World Health Report 2001 - Mental health: new understanding, new hope. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2001.http://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_en.pdf