强迫症多年来一直被认为是一种难治性疾病。近 20 年才有了有效的治疗方法。根据国际指南,首选两种主要治疗方法:选择性 5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂 (SSRI) 或三环类抗抑郁药(氯米帕明)的药物治疗以及以暴露与反应预防为形式的认知行为治疗 (CBT)。然而,高达 40% 的患者无法从这些一线治疗中获益。[46]Abudy A, Juven-Wetzler A, Zohar J. Pharmacological management of treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Drugs. 2011 Jul;25(7):585-96.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21699270?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Stanley MA, Turner SM. Current status of pharmacological and behavioral treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Ther. 1995;26(1):163-86.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005789405800899[48]Whittal ML, Thordarson DS, McLean PD. Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: cognitive behavior therapy vs. exposure and response prevention. Behav Res Ther. 2005 Dec;43(12):1559-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15913543?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Baldwin DS, Anderson IM, Nutt DJ, et al. Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a revision of the 2005 guidelines from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. 2014 May;28(5):403-39.http://www.bap.org.uk/pdfs/BAP_Guidelines-Anxiety.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24713617?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Katzman MA, Bleau P, Blier P, et al. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;(14 suppl 1):S1.http://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-244X-14-S1-S1http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25081580?tool=bestpractice.com
治疗目标
OCD患者的主要治疗目标是完全康复,指症状几乎完全消失或无外在表现,即Y-BOCS得分为8或更低。 另一方面,缓解是指,症状减少到最低水平,Y-BOCS得分为16或更少。 基于这个定义,缓解期患者通常不适合纳入临床试验,因为他们Y-BOCS得分低于参加临床研究标准的最低分数。 由于通常只有阶段性发作的强迫症患者能够达到完全康复,所以对于非阶段性发作的患者而言,缓解应该已经是最佳的结局。 恢复和缓解都应当被视为对治疗的高水平应答。 通常认为,治疗完全起效指的是Y-BOCS得分至少降低35%或CGI分数为1或2,但这种情况并不多见。
轻度至中度症状
Y-BOCS 得分介于 8-23 分患者的症状属于轻度到中度。初始治疗包括认知行为疗法 (CBT)(如果可用)耶鲁布朗强迫量表 (Y-BOCS) 评分:有低质量证据表明,认知行为疗法能够显著降低 Y-BOCS 评分。[51]Volpato Cordioli A, Heldt E, Braga Bochi D, et al. Cognitive-behavioral group therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized clinical trial. Psychother Psychosom. 2003;72:211-216.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12792126?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Vogel PA, Stiles TC, Gotestam KG. Adding cognitive therapy elements to exposure therapy for obsessive compulsive disorder: a controlled study. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2004;32:275-290.低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 或开始药物治疗。改善症状:有低质量证据表明,与安慰剂相比,选择性或非选择性 5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂西酞普兰、氯米帕明、氟西汀、氟伏沙明和帕罗西汀能显著改善症状。[53]Piccinelli M, Pini S, Bellantuono C, et al. Efficacy of drug treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder. A meta-analytic review. Br J Psychiatry. 1995;166:424-443.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7795913?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Ackerman DL, Greenland S. Multivariate meta-analysis of controlled drug studies for obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;22:309-317.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12006902?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
对症状不严重的患者,推荐具有暴露与反应预防形式的单独 CBT 作为一线治疗的选择。[55]American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:1-56.[56]Hofmann SG, Smits JA. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Apr;69(4):621-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2409267/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18363421?tool=bestpractice.com[57]American Psychiatric Association. Guideline watch (March 2013): Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. March 2013 [internet publication].http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/ocd-watch.pdf
当 CBT 不能用时,当患者偏好单独的药物治疗时,或患者曾经对某种药物治疗效果良好时,建议用单独的药物治疗。[55]American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:1-56.[57]American Psychiatric Association. Guideline watch (March 2013): Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. March 2013 [internet publication].http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/ocd-watch.pdf
在强迫性障碍治疗中,有着最佳证据的心理疗法是具有暴露与反应预防 (exposure and response prevention, ERP) 形式的 CBT 疗法。[55]American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:1-56.[57]American Psychiatric Association. Guideline watch (March 2013): Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. March 2013 [internet publication].http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/ocd-watch.pdf[58]Rosa-Alcázar AI, Sánchez-Meca J, Gómez-Conesa A, et al. Psychological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2008 Dec;28(8):1310-25.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18701199?tool=bestpractice.com 在 ERP 中,根据患者的个体情况,设定症状触发因素的等级。治疗师鼓励患者接触触发物(如:灰土)。鼓励患者不去做既往采取的强迫性仪式(如:洗手)。诱发症状缓解后,就尝试接触更强烈的下一级触发物。家庭作业会要求患者在家这样的自然环境中尝试将自己暴露于刺激物中。Meta 分析提供的进一步证据表明,CBT 对治疗强迫性障碍患者是有效的。[59]Olatunji BO, Davis ML, Powers MB, et al. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis of treatment outcome and moderators. J Psychiatr Res. 2013 Jan;47(1):33-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22999486?tool=bestpractice.com CBT 干预措施也可以成功地应用到团体治疗中。[60]Jónsson H, Hougaard E. Group cognitive behavioural therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2009 Feb;119(2):98-106.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18822090?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Anderson RA, Rees CS. Group versus individual cognitive-behavioural treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a controlled trial. Behav Res Ther. 2007 Jan;45(1):123-37.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16540080?tool=bestpractice.com 目前没有证据表明,心理动力学疗法可以治疗强迫症。[55]American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:1-56.[57]American Psychiatric Association. Guideline watch (March 2013): Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. March 2013 [internet publication].http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/ocd-watch.pdf[62]Maina GR, Rosso G, Rigardetto S, et al. No effect of adding brief dynamic therapy to pharmacotherapy in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder with concurrent major depression. Psychother Psychosom. 2010;79(5):295-302.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20616624?tool=bestpractice.com
治疗OCD的药物包括氯丙咪嗪(特异性的5-羟色胺三环类抗抑郁药)或5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(如,氟西汀、氟伏沙明、帕罗西汀、舍曲林)。 大量研究评估了选择性 5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂 (SSRIs) 对这种适应证的有效性。[63]Soomro GM, Altman D, Rajagopal S, et al. Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) versus placebo for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1):CD001765.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001765.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18253995?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Price LH, Goodman WK, Charney DS, et al. Treatment of severe obsessive-compulsive disorder with fluvoxamine. Am J Psychiatry. 1987 Aug;144(8):1059-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3111279?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, et al. Efficacy of fluvoxamine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. A double-blind comparison with placebo. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989 Jan;46(1):36-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2491940?tool=bestpractice.com[66]DeVeaugh-Geiss J, Katz R, Landau P, et al. Clinical predictors of treatment response in obsessive compulsive disorder: exploratory analyses from multicenter trials of clomipramine. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1990;26(1):54-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2196627?tool=bestpractice.com改善症状:有低质量证据表明,与安慰剂相比,选择性或非选择性 5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂西酞普兰、氯米帕明、氟西汀、氟伏沙明和帕罗西汀能显著改善症状。[53]Piccinelli M, Pini S, Bellantuono C, et al. Efficacy of drug treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder. A meta-analytic review. Br J Psychiatry. 1995;166:424-443.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7795913?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Ackerman DL, Greenland S. Multivariate meta-analysis of controlled drug studies for obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;22:309-317.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12006902?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 目前已有将氟伏沙明的控释制剂用于治疗成人强迫症的研究。[67]Owen RT. Controlled-release fluvoxamine in obsessive-compulsive disorder and social phobia. Drugs Today (Barc). 2008 Dec;44(12):887-93.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19198698?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Koran LM, Bromberg D, Hornfeldt CS, et al. Extended-release fluvoxamine and improvements in quality of life in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2010 Jul-Aug;51(4):373-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20579510?tool=bestpractice.com 也有一些研究研究了SSRIs在治疗儿童和青少年焦虑障碍方面的疗效。[69]Ipser JC, Stein DJ, Hawkridge S, et al. Pharmacotherapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(3):CD005170.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005170.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19588367?tool=bestpractice.com 越来越多的证据表明西酞普兰治疗 OCD 的有效性。目前已有一项开放研究证明西酞普兰是有效的,在 2 期研究中,西酞普兰明显比安慰剂更能有效防止 OCD 症状的复发。[70]Fineberg NA, Tonnoir B, Lemming O, et al. Escitalopram prevents relapse of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007 May-Jun;17(6-7):430-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17240120?tool=bestpractice.com但是,由于西酞普兰会使QT间期延长,所以使用时应谨慎。 对于 60 岁以上的患者,或者原先可能存在由既有疾病或由其他伴随药物引起的 QTc 间期延长/心律失常的患者,要特别谨慎。[57]American Psychiatric Association. Guideline watch (March 2013): Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. March 2013 [internet publication].http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/ocd-watch.pdf[71]Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). Citalopram and escitalopram: QT interval prolongation - new maximum daily dose restrictions (including in elderly patients), contraindications, and warnings. December 2011 [internet publication].http://www.mhra.gov.uk/Safetyinformation/DrugSafetyUpdate/CON137769
一般而言,氯米帕明比 SSRI 类药物耐受性差,因此建议将 SSRI 作为初始的首选药物治疗。[55]American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:1-56.[57]American Psychiatric Association. Guideline watch (March 2013): Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. March 2013 [internet publication].http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/ocd-watch.pdf[72]Skapinakis P, Caldwell D, Hollingworth W, et al. A systematic review of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of pharmacological and psychological interventions for the management of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children/adolescents and adults. Health Technol Assess. 2016 Jun;20(43):1-392.http://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/volume-20/issue-43#table-of-contentshttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27306503?tool=bestpractice.com 在具体选择某一种5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂时,应考虑以下因素:每种药物的个体副反应、药物间潜在的相互作用、伴发疾病、患者的年龄和过去的治疗效果。[55]American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:1-56.[57]American Psychiatric Association. Guideline watch (March 2013): Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. March 2013 [internet publication].http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/ocd-watch.pdf[73]Bridge JA, Iyengar S, Salary CB, et al. Clinical response and risk for reported suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in pediatric antidepressant treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2007 Apr 18;297(15):1683-96.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17440145?tool=bestpractice.com 儿童在使用SSRIs时,应密切监测自杀观念出现的可能。[73]Bridge JA, Iyengar S, Salary CB, et al. Clinical response and risk for reported suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in pediatric antidepressant treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2007 Apr 18;297(15):1683-96.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17440145?tool=bestpractice.com 初步研究表明,SSRIs治愈的患者可以通过持续药物治疗来防止症状复发。[74]Fineberg NA, Pampaloni I, Pallanti S, et al. Sustained response versus relapse: the pharmacotherapeutic goal for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007 Nov;22(6):313-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17917549?tool=bestpractice.com 一项针对 28 项研究的系统评价和 Meta 分析的结果显示,在使用抗抑郁药物治疗有效的焦虑障碍(包括强迫症)患者中,治疗至少一年方与复发率降低相关,且耐受性良好。由于纳入 Meta 分析的研究只有最长一年的治疗时间,因此没有证据表明超过该时间治疗的有效性和耐受性;然而,这段时间后缺乏证据不应被理解为明确建议在一年后停止服用抗抑郁药物。[75]Batelaan NM, Bosman RC, Muntingh A, et al. Risk of relapse after antidepressant discontinuation in anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis of relapse prevention trials. BMJ. 2017 Sep 13;358:j3927. [Erratum in: BMJ. 2017 Sep 25;358:j4461.]https://www.bmj.com/content/358/bmj.j3927.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28903922?tool=bestpractice.com
重度症状,单药治疗无效,或有人格障碍或分离症状的患者
Y-BOCS得分介于24-40之间,即为重度症状。
当OCD症状严重时,应该使用CBT和药物的联合疗法。 药物治疗可以在某些程度上缓解症状,使患者可能参与到 CBT 中。[55]American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:1-56.[57]American Psychiatric Association. Guideline watch (March 2013): Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. March 2013 [internet publication].http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/ocd-watch.pdf 此外,如果患者有精神科共病(例如抑郁症),应首选联合治疗;当单药治疗对轻度至中度症状患者无效时,也应使用联合治疗。[76]Van Noppen BL, Pato MT, Marsland R, et al. A time-limited behavioral group for treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Psychother Pract Res. 1998 Fall;7(4):272-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9752638?tool=bestpractice.com 当患者同时有人格障碍或分离症状时,应用 CBT 来加强治疗可能尤其有效。[77]AuBuchon PG, Malatesta VJ. Obsessive compulsive patients with comorbid personality disorder: associated problems and response to a comprehensive behavior therapy. J Clin Psychiatry. 1994 Oct;55(10):448-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7961523?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Shusta SR. Successful treatment of refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychother. 1999 Summer;53(3):377-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10586300?tool=bestpractice.com 目前也有研究在尝试使用CBT治疗抑郁和OCD共病的患者。[79]Rector NA, Cassin SE, Richter MA. Psychological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in patients with major depression: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Can J Psychiatry. 2009 Dec;54(12):846-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047724?tool=bestpractice.com
初始药物治疗反应不佳
在治疗的第6-8周时被归为“部分起效”的患者(Y-BOCS评分减少25%到35%)应该增加当前的药物剂量。
治疗 12 周时,如果某类药物对患者的作用是“部分起效”,则应该加大该药物的剂量,而不是换药。对于这一点,存在 3 种增强策略:
将用药剂量增加至最高可耐受剂量
联合方案(例如 SSRI 加抗精神病药物,或 SSRI 加氯米帕明)
静脉使用西酞普兰或氯米帕明;然而,在美国的一般临床环境中,通常无法提供这些制剂。 建议谨慎使用西酞普兰,因为它会使QT间期延长。 对于 60 岁以上的患者,或者原先可能存在由既有疾病或由其他伴随药物引起的 QTc 间期延长/心律失常的患者,要特别谨慎。[57]American Psychiatric Association. Guideline watch (March 2013): Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. March 2013 [internet publication].http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/ocd-watch.pdf[71]Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). Citalopram and escitalopram: QT interval prolongation - new maximum daily dose restrictions (including in elderly patients), contraindications, and warnings. December 2011 [internet publication].http://www.mhra.gov.uk/Safetyinformation/DrugSafetyUpdate/CON137769[80]US Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: Revised recommendations for Celexa (citalopram hydrobromide) related to a potential risk of abnormal heart rhythms with high doses. August 2011 [internet publication].http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/drugSafety/ucm297391.htm
对SSRS治疗无效(Y-BOCS评分降低不足25%;CGI 4),或者部分缓解的患者,加用第二种药物可能会有效。[81]Ipser JC, Carey P, Dhansay Y, et al. Pharmacotherapy augmentation strategies in treatment-resistant anxiety disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(4):CD005473.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005473.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17054260?tool=bestpractice.com 虽然初始治疗最常增强 5-羟色胺的传递,但在使用强化方案的情况下,初始治疗也可以靶向其他神经递质系统。最常用的策略是使用抗多巴胺能药物。耶鲁-布朗强迫量表、临床疗效总评量表 (clinical global impression, CGI) 和临床评估的改善:有低质量证据表明, 5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRI 和氯米帕明)加用抗精神病药物可以改善单用 5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂无效患者的症状。[82]Erzegovesi S, Guglielmo E, Siliprandi F, et al. Low-dose risperidone augmentation of fluvoxamine treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005;15:69-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15572275?tool=bestpractice.com[83]McDougle CJ, Epperson CN, Pelton GH, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of risperidone addition in serotonin reuptake inhibitor-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57:794-801.http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=481641http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10920469?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Atmaca M, Kuloglu M, Tezcan E, et al. Quetiapine augmentation in patients with treatment resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a single-blind, placebo-controlled study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;17:115-119.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11981352?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Shapira NA, Ward HE, Mandoki M, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of olanzapine addition in fluoxetine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2004;55:553-555.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15023585?tool=bestpractice.com[86]McDougle CJ, Goodman WK, Leckman JF, et al. Haloperidol addition in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with and without tics. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:302-308.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8161290?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
已有对单独使用氟西汀无效的患者联合使用氟西汀和氯米帕明的证据。[87]Diniz JB, Shavitt RG, Fossaluza V, et al. A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of fluoxetine plus quetiapine or clomipramine versus fluoxetine plus placebo for obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011 Dec;31(6):763-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22020357?tool=bestpractice.com
有证据表明氟哌啶醇、利培酮和阿立哌唑强化治疗的有效性。[83]McDougle CJ, Epperson CN, Pelton GH, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of risperidone addition in serotonin reuptake inhibitor-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57:794-801.http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=481641http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10920469?tool=bestpractice.com[88]McDougle CJ, Fleischmann RL, Epperson CN, et al. Risperidone addition in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: three cases. J Clin Psychiatry. 1995 Nov;56(11):526-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7592506?tool=bestpractice.com[89]Hollander E, Baldini Rossi N, Sood E, et al. Risperidone augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2003 Dec;6(4):397-401.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14604454?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Pfanner C, Marazziti D, Dell'Osso L, et al. Risperidone augmentation in refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: an open-label study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000 Sep;15(5):297-301.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10993132?tool=bestpractice.com[91]Li X, May RS, Tolbert LC, et al. Risperidone and haloperidol augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a crossover study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;66(6):736-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15960567?tool=bestpractice.com[92]Komossa K, Depping AM, Meyer M, et al. Second-generation antipsychotics for obsessive compulsive disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(12):CD008141.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008141.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21154394?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Muscatello MR, Bruno A, Pandolfo G, et al. Effect of aripiprazole augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors or clomipramine in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011 Apr;31(2):174-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21346614?tool=bestpractice.com
有证据支持喹硫平和奥氮平的有效性更差。[94]Bloch MH, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Kelmendi B, et al. A systematic review: antipsychotic augmentation with treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2006 Jul;11(7):622-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16585942?tool=bestpractice.com[95]Fineberg NA, Stein DJ, Premkumar P, et al. Adjunctive quetiapine for serotonin reuptake inhibitor-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled treatment trials. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006 Nov;21(6):337-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17012980?tool=bestpractice.com
利培酮对自知力差的患者特别有效。
还存在强化匹莫齐特 (pimozide) 治疗的更弱证据。[96]Delgado PL, Goodman WK, Price LH, et al. Fluvoxamine/pimozide treatment of concurrent Tourette's and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 1990 Nov;157:762-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2126219?tool=bestpractice.com[97]Connor KM, Payne VM, Gadde KM, et al. The use of aripiprazole in obsessive-compulsive disorder: preliminary observations in 8 patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005 Jan;66(1):49-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15669888?tool=bestpractice.com[98]Pessina E, Albert U, Bogetto F, et al. Aripiprazole augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a 12-week open-label preliminary study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009 Sep;24(5):265-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19629012?tool=bestpractice.com
遗憾的是,加用抗精神病药的强化治疗只对三分之一的难治性OCD患者有效。 添加第二代抗精神病药物后,耐受性较差。[92]Komossa K, Depping AM, Meyer M, et al. Second-generation antipsychotics for obsessive compulsive disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(12):CD008141.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008141.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21154394?tool=bestpractice.com[99]Maher AR, Maglione M, Bagley S, et al. Efficacy and comparative effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic medications for off-label uses in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011 Sep 28;306(12):1359-69.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21954480?tool=bestpractice.com
还要考虑到,一项 meta 分析发现,在连续使用适当剂量的 SRI 满 12 周的患者中,有超过 25% 的患者有效。如果无效,这些患者早在 12 周之前就会转换为抗精神病药物强化治疗。[94]Bloch MH, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Kelmendi B, et al. A systematic review: antipsychotic augmentation with treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2006 Jul;11(7):622-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16585942?tool=bestpractice.com
此外,一项研究将CBT(包括暴露与反应预防)和利培酮治疗与安慰剂进行对比,发现CBT组Y-BOCS减分明显高于安慰剂和利培酮组减分。 研究还发现在利培酮和安慰剂组之间反应率无显著差异。[100]Simpson HB, Foa EB, Liebowitz MR, et al. Cognitive-behavioral therapy vs risperidone for augmenting serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013 Nov;70(11):1190-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24026523?tool=bestpractice.com
识别治疗无效的患者
足疗程是指,使用药物的中等剂量至少12周。 在患者发现药物有效前,必须达到最大耐受剂量的情况并不罕见。[21]Pallanti S, Quercioli L. Treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: methodological issues, operational definitions and therapeutic lines. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2006;30:400-412.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16503369?tool=bestpractice.com 使用一线药物治疗 12 周后,高达 40%-60% 的患者未能获得满意的疗效。[101]The Clomipramine Collaborative Study Group. Clomipramine in the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. The Clomipramine Collaborative Study Group. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991 Aug;48(8):730-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1883256?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Goodman WK, McDougle CJ, Price LH. Pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1992 Apr;(suppl 53):29-37.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1532962?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Jenike MA, Rauch SL. Managing the patient with treatment-resistant obsessive compulsive disorder: current strategies. J Clin Psychiatry. 1994 Mar;(suppl 55):11-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7915709?tool=bestpractice.com[104]McDougle CJ, Goodman WK, Leckman JF, et al. The efficacy of fluvoxamine in obsessive-compulsive disorder: effects of comorbid chronic tic disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1993 Oct;13(5):354-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8227493?tool=bestpractice.com[105]McDougle CJ, Goodman WK, Leckman JF, et al. The psychopharmacology of obsessive compulsive disorder. Implications for treatment and pathogenesis. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1993 Dec;16(4):749-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8309811?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Piccinelli M, Pini S, Bellantuono C, et al. Efficacy of drug treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder. A meta-analytic review. Br J Psychiatry. 1995;166:424-443.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7795913?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Pigott TA, Seay SM. A review of the efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999 Feb;60(2):101-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10084636?tool=bestpractice.com[107]Rasmussen SA, Eisen JL, Pato MT. Current issues in the pharmacologic management of obsessive compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1993 Jun;(suppl 54):4-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8101187?tool=bestpractice.com
当患者足量服用单一药物 12 周后,如果 Y-BOCS 评分没有至少降低 25% 或者 CGI 未达到 4 分,建议换为不同的药物进行治疗,因为患者对一种药物的反应可能比另一种更好。[55]American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:1-56.[57]American Psychiatric Association. Guideline watch (March 2013): Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. March 2013 [internet publication].http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/ocd-watch.pdf 但是,也有证据表明初始药物治疗无效的患者往往比从未服药的患者更难对新药起反应。[108]Ackerman DL, Greenland S, Bystritsky A. Clinical characteristics of response to fluoxetine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1998 Jun;18(3):185-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9617976?tool=bestpractice.com
“难治性”通常是用来描述至少经过氯丙咪嗪或 SSRI 充分治疗 2 个完整疗程后(至少 12 周)仍无效的患者。在尝试氯丙咪嗪和至少 2 种 SSRI 结合 CBT 治疗后,患者可能被归类为治疗无效者。
对治疗无效的患者进行进一步评估
应该注意的是,由于治疗无效者症状的复杂性,应该由特定临床机构对其进行管理评估;本治疗指南仅提供一般指导。 此时,应确保转诊至主任医师,因为二线治疗需要依据患者的并发症或OCD症状特异性做出选择,往往会有明显的个体差别。 在较为极端的情况下,强迫症状也可能是由其他器质性疾病所致,例如,神经退行性变、卒中后OCD现象、甲状腺功能减退,或由亨廷顿氏舞蹈症、哈姆氏舞蹈病、风湿热、细菌或病毒感染或脑炎引起的所谓的“获得”的OCD 应依据残余症状的特点指导进一步的治疗选择。