急性中耳炎的治疗需要立即控制疼痛。一般而言,只需服用镇痛药即可。目前尚无支持使用抗组胺或减充血剂治疗急性中耳炎的证据。[21]Chonmaitree T, Saeed K, Uchida T, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the effect of antihistamine or corticosteroid treatment in acute otitis media. J Pediatr. 2003;143:377-385.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14517524?tool=bestpractice.com
即时抗生素治疗
一旦疼痛得到适当控制,医生和家人可考虑是否需要进行抗生素治疗。口服抗生素已经成为主要疗法,但是过度使用这些药剂增加了抗生素耐药性。[22]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Respiratory tract infections - antibiotic prescribing: Prescribing of antibiotics for self-limiting respiratory tract infections in adults and children in primary care. July 2008. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 22 August 2017).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG69因此,只能在急性中耳炎已经确诊后,才能开始进行口服抗生素治疗。[23]Vouloumanou EK, Karageorgopoulos DE, Kazantzi MS, et al. Antibiotics versus placebo or watchful waiting for acute otitis media: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;64:16-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19454521?tool=bestpractice.com研究表明,抗生素的确对该病有一定疗效。[24]Burke P, Bain J, Robinson D, et al. Acute red ear in children: controlled trial of non-antibiotic treatment in general practice. BMJ. 1991;303:558-562.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1670875/pdf/bmj00143-0032.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1912887?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Rosenfeld RM, Vertrees JE, Carr J, et al. Clinical efficacy of antimicrobial drugs for acute otitis media: metaanalysis of 5400 children from thirty-three randomized trials. J Pediatr. 1994;124:355-367.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8120703?tool=bestpractice.com [
]In children with acute otitis media, what are the effects of antibiotics?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.332/full显示答案 治疗 1 天后,安慰剂组和抗生素组的临床消退率(尤其是症状缓解率)相近,治疗 1 周时抗生素组的消退率较高。[26]Venekamp RP, Sanders SL, Glasziou PP, et al. Antibiotics for acute otitis media in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(6):CD000219.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000219.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26099233?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Del Mar C, Glasziou P, Hayem M. Are antibiotics indicated as initial treatment for children with acute otitis media? A meta-analysis. BMJ. 1997;314:1526-1529.http://www.bmj.com/content/314/7093/1526.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9183201?tool=bestpractice.com抗生素只能将恢复期平均缩短 1 天,10 至 20 例患者必须采用抗生素以使 1 名儿童获益。
直至最近仍难以解释使用抗生素治疗急性中耳炎的研究,因为没有应用一致的标准确立急性中耳炎的诊断方法。然而,两项研究表明,使用鼓膜隆起作为诊断标准时,虽然使用抗生素会导致少数临床失败病例,但与安慰剂相比,其临床评分有一定改善。[28]Tähtinen PA, Laine MK, Huovinen P, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of antimicrobial treatment for acute otitis media. New Engl J Med. 2011;364:116-126.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1007174#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21226577?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Hoberman A, Paradise JL, Rockette HE, et al. Treatment of acute otitis media in children under 2 years of age. New Engl J Med. 2011;364:105-115.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0912254#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21226576?tool=bestpractice.com
抗生素使用以一线抗生素开始,逐步进阶。[30]Hendley JO. Clinical practice. Otitis media. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1169-1174.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12374878?tool=bestpractice.com如果患者病情未得到改善,则可能需要更换为二或三线药剂。[26]Venekamp RP, Sanders SL, Glasziou PP, et al. Antibiotics for acute otitis media in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(6):CD000219.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000219.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26099233?tool=bestpractice.com
基于阿莫西林的疗法是主要抗生素疗法。虽然最佳的抗生素疗法尚不完全清楚,但一些证据表明,阿莫西林或阿莫西林/克拉维酸可能优于其他多种抗生素。抗生素疗法选择:有较差质量证据表明,阿莫西林或阿莫西林/克拉维酸在减轻急性中耳炎体征和症状方面比大环内酯类或头孢菌素更有效,而其他抗生素的疗效彼此相当。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
抗生素延迟治疗
延迟治疗适用于进行定期随访的 6 个月或以上健康患者,尤其是那些不符合诊断标准或者诊断不太明确的患者。若干项研究报告了安全网抗生素处方 (SNAP)[31]Little P, Gould C, Williamson I, et al. Pragmatic randomised controlled trial of two prescribing strategies for childhood acute otitis media. BMJ. 2001;322:336-342.http://www.bmj.com/content/322/7282/336.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11159657?tool=bestpractice.com或观望处方 (WASP)[32]Spiro DM, Tay KY, Arnold DH, et al. Wait-and-see prescription for the treatment of acute otitis media: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;296:1235-1241.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=203330http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16968847?tool=bestpractice.com的几个成功病例,其中观望处方 (WASP) 是指医生开好抗生素处方,并嘱咐家人仅当儿童在 48 到 72 小时内没有主观改善时再使用。这些研究表明,只有三分之二的处方被随后使用,立即治疗组的患者病情进展与延迟治疗组患者并无不同。
这种方法可以减少不必要的抗生素疗程数、降低抗生素不良反应的发生率,并提高抗生素疗效,但它对急性中耳炎罕见的并发症,如乳突炎的影响目前尚不清楚。多位作者建议推广抗生素延迟治疗的观望处方 (WASP)。[31]Little P, Gould C, Williamson I, et al. Pragmatic randomised controlled trial of two prescribing strategies for childhood acute otitis media. BMJ. 2001;322:336-342.http://www.bmj.com/content/322/7282/336.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11159657?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Spiro DM, Tay KY, Arnold DH, et al. Wait-and-see prescription for the treatment of acute otitis media: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;296:1235-1241.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=203330http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16968847?tool=bestpractice.com
这种方法在 2 到 3 天的最初观察期间需要进行立即疼痛治疗。2 岁以下及双耳患病的儿童可能用此方法的疗效较差,因此,如果患者在观察期结束后仍有症状,则开始抗生素治疗。[33]Rovers MM, Glasziou P, Appelman CL, et al. Predictors of pain and/or fever at 3 to 7 days for children with acute otitis media not treated initially with antibiotics: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Pediatrics. 2007;119:579-585.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17332211?tool=bestpractice.com
鼓膜穿刺术
鼓膜穿刺术可以减轻中耳腔的压力并缓解耳痛。[34]Bluestone CD. Role of surgery for otitis media in the era of resistant bacteria. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998;17:1090-1098.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9850004?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Block SL. Tympanocentesis: why, when and how. Contemp Pediatr. 1999;16:103-127.因此,此手术可能会对抗菌治疗无效的持久性疾病患者或需要立即缓解疼痛的患者有效。
鼓膜穿刺术涉及的风险包括鼓膜和中耳结构受伤,以及麻醉相关风险。