中耳炎

Uhari M, Mantysaari K, Niemela M. A meta-analytic review of the risk factors for acute otitis media. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;22:1079-1083.

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Lieberthal AS, Carroll AE, Chonmaitree T, et al. The diagnosis and management of acute otitis media. Pediatrics. 2013;131:e964-e999.

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National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Respiratory tract infections - antibiotic prescribing: Prescribing of antibiotics for self-limiting respiratory tract infections in adults and children in primary care. July 2008. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 22 August 2017).

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Vouloumanou EK, Karageorgopoulos DE, Kazantzi MS, et al. Antibiotics versus placebo or watchful waiting for acute otitis media: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;64:16-24.

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Spiro DM, Tay KY, Arnold DH, et al. Wait-and-see prescription for the treatment of acute otitis media: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;296:1235-1241.

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1.  Teele DW, Klein JO, Rosner B. Epidemiology of otitis media during the first seven years of life in children in greater Boston: a prospective, cohort study. J Infect Dis. 1989;160:83-94.

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2.  Paradise JL, Rockette HE, Colborn DK, et al. Otitis media in 2253 Pittsburgh-area infants: prevalence and risk factors during the first two years of life. Pediatrics. 1997;99:318-333.

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3.  Heikkinen T, Thint M, Chonmaitree T. Prevalence of various respiratory viruses in the middle ear during acute otitis media. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:260-264.

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4.  Pitkaranta A, Virolainen A, Jero J, et al. Detection of rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and coronavirus infections in acute otitis media by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Pediatrics. 1998;102:291-295.

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5.  Sanyal MA, Henderson FW, Stempel EC, et al. Effect of upper respiratory tract infection on eustachian tube ventilatory function in the preschool child. J Pediatr. 1980;97:11-15.

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6.  Winther B, Hayden FG, Arruda E, et al. Viral respiratory infection in schoolchildren: effects on middle ear pressure. Pediatrics. 2002;109:826-832.

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7.  Gehanno P, Lenoir G, Barry B, et al. Evaluation of nasopharyngeal cultures for bacteriologic assessment of acute otitis media in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1996;15:329-332.

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8.  Kero P, Piekkala P. Factors affecting the occurrence of acute otitis media during the first year of life. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1987;76:618-623.

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9.  Uhari M, Mantysaari K, Niemela M. A meta-analytic review of the risk factors for acute otitis media. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;22:1079-1083.

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10.  Casselbrant ML, Mandel EM, Kurs-Lasky M, et al. Otitis media in a population of black American and white American infants, 0-2 years of age. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1995;33:1-16.

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11.  Casselbrant ML, Mandel EM, Fall PA, et al. The heritability of otitis media: a twin and triplet study. JAMA. 1999;282:2125-2130.

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12.  Curns AT, Holman RC, Shay DK, et al. Outpatient and hospital visits associated with otitis media among American Indian and Alaska Native children younger than 5 years. Pediatrics 2002;109:E41.

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13.  Niemela M, Pihakari O, Pokka T, et al. Pacifier as a risk factor for acute otitis media: A randomized, controlled trial of parental counseling. Pediatrics. 2000;106:483-488.

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14.  DiFranza JR, Lew RA. Morbidity and mortality in children associated with the use of tobacco products by other people. Pediatrics. 1996;97:560-568.

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15.  Culpepper L, Froom J, Bartelds AI, et al. Acute otitis media in adults: a report from the International Primary Care Network. J Am Board Fam Pract. 1993;6:333-339.

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16.  Halsted C, Lepow ML, Balassanian H, et al. Otitis media. Clinical observations, microbiology, and evaluation of therapy. Am J Dis Child. 1968;115:542-551.

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17.  Shaikh N, Hoberman A, Rockette HE, et al. Development of an algorithm for the diagnosis of otitis media. Acad Pediatr. 2012;12:214-218.

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18.  Schwartz RH, Stool SE, Rodriguez WJ, et al. Acute otitis media: toward a more precise definition. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1981;20:549-554.

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19.  Lieberthal AS, Carroll AE, Chonmaitree T, et al. The diagnosis and management of acute otitis media. Pediatrics. 2013;131:e964-e999.

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20.  Arguedas A, Soley C, Kamicker BJ, et al. Single-dose extended-release azithromycin versus a 10-day regimen of amoxicillin/clavulanate for the treatment of children with acute otitis media. Int J Infect Dis. 2011;15:e240-e248.

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21.  Chonmaitree T, Saeed K, Uchida T, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the effect of antihistamine or corticosteroid treatment in acute otitis media. J Pediatr. 2003;143:377-385.

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22.  National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Respiratory tract infections - antibiotic prescribing: Prescribing of antibiotics for self-limiting respiratory tract infections in adults and children in primary care. July 2008. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 22 August 2017).

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23.  Vouloumanou EK, Karageorgopoulos DE, Kazantzi MS, et al. Antibiotics versus placebo or watchful waiting for acute otitis media: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;64:16-24.

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24.  Burke P, Bain J, Robinson D, et al. Acute red ear in children: controlled trial of non-antibiotic treatment in general practice. BMJ. 1991;303:558-562.

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25.  Rosenfeld RM, Vertrees JE, Carr J, et al. Clinical efficacy of antimicrobial drugs for acute otitis media: metaanalysis of 5400 children from thirty-three randomized trials. J Pediatr. 1994;124:355-367.

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26.  Venekamp RP, Sanders SL, Glasziou PP, et al. Antibiotics for acute otitis media in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(6):CD000219.

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27.  Del Mar C, Glasziou P, Hayem M. Are antibiotics indicated as initial treatment for children with acute otitis media? A meta-analysis. BMJ. 1997;314:1526-1529.

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28.  Tähtinen PA, Laine MK, Huovinen P, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of antimicrobial treatment for acute otitis media. New Engl J Med. 2011;364:116-126.

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29.  Hoberman A, Paradise JL, Rockette HE, et al. Treatment of acute otitis media in children under 2 years of age. New Engl J Med. 2011;364:105-115.

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30.  Hendley JO. Clinical practice. Otitis media. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1169-1174.

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31.  Little P, Gould C, Williamson I, et al. Pragmatic randomised controlled trial of two prescribing strategies for childhood acute otitis media. BMJ. 2001;322:336-342.

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32.  Spiro DM, Tay KY, Arnold DH, et al. Wait-and-see prescription for the treatment of acute otitis media: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;296:1235-1241.

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33.  Rovers MM, Glasziou P, Appelman CL, et al. Predictors of pain and/or fever at 3 to 7 days for children with acute otitis media not treated initially with antibiotics: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Pediatrics. 2007;119:579-585.

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34.  Bluestone CD. Role of surgery for otitis media in the era of resistant bacteria. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998;17:1090-1098.

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35.  Block SL. Tympanocentesis: why, when and how. Contemp Pediatr. 1999;16:103-127.

36.  Bertin L, Pons G, d'Athis P, et al. A randomized, double-blind, multicentre controlled trial of ibuprofen versus acetaminophen and placebo for symptoms of acute otitis media in children. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 1996;10:387-392.

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37.  US Food and Drug Administration. FDA news release: FDA takes action against unapproved prescription ear drop products. July 2015. http://www.fda.gov/ (last accessed 22 August 2017).

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38.  Hatakka K, Blomgren K, Pohjavuori S, et al. Treatment of acute otitis media with probiotics in otitis-prone children-a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised study. Clin Nutr. 2007;26:314-321.

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39.  Niittynen L, Pitkäranta A, Korpela R. Probiotics and otitis media in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2012;76:465-470.

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40.  McDonald S, Langton Hewer CD, Nunez DA. Grommets (ventilation tubes) for recurrent acute otitis media in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(4):CD004741.

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41.  Bluestone CD. Clinical course, complications and sequelae of acute otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19(suppl 5):S37-S46.

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42.  Koopman L, Hoes AW, Glasziou PP, et al. Antibiotic therapy to prevent the development of asymptomatic middle ear effusion in children with acute otitis media: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;134:128-132.

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43.  American Academy of Family Physicians, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Otitis Media With Effusion. Otitis media with effusion. Pediatrics. 2004;113:1412-1429.

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44.  Eskola J, Kilpi T, Palmu A, et al. Efficacy of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against acute otitis media. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:403-409.

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45.  Kyaw MH, Lynfield R, Schaffner W, et al. Effect of introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1455-1463.

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46.  Pavia M, Bianco A, Nobile CG, et al. Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccination in children younger than 24 months: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2009;123:e1103-e1110.

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47.  Fortanier AC, Venekamp RP, Boonacker CW, et al. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing otitis media. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(4):CD001480.

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48.  Clements DA, Langdon L, Bland C, et al. Influenza: a vaccine decreases the incidence of otitis media in 6- to 30-month-old children in day care. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1995;149:1113-1117.

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49.  Belshe RB, Mendelman PM, Treanor J, et al. The efficacy of live attenuated, cold-adapted, trivalent, intranasal influenza virus vaccine in children. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1405-1412.

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50.  Belshe RB, Gruber WC. Prevention of otitis media in children with live attenuated influenza vaccine given intranasally. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19(5 Suppl):S66-S71.

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51.  Hoberman A, Greenberg DP, Paradise JL, et al. Effectiveness of inactivated influenza vaccine in preventing acute otitis media in young children: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;290:1608-1616.

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52.  Jansen AG, Sanders EA, Hoes AW, et al. Effects of influenza plus pneumococcal conjugate vaccination versus influenza vaccination alone in preventing respiratory tract infections in children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Pediatr. 2008;153:764-770.

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53.  Winther BB. Impact of oseltamivir treatment on the incidence and course of acute otitis media in children with influenza. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2010;74:684-688.

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54.  Hayden FG. Influenza virus and rhinovirus-related otitis media: potential for antiviral intervention. Vaccine. 2000;19(Suppl 1):S66-S70.

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55.  Gibbs D. Oseltamivir effective for reducing influenza duration in children. Am Fam Physician. 2010;82:1140-1141.

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56.  Tapiainen T, Luotonen L, Kontiokari T, et al. Xylitol administered only during respiratory infections failed to prevent acute otitis media. Pediatrics. 2002;109:E19.

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57.  Hautalahti O, Renko M, Tapiainen T, et al. Failure of xylitol given three times a day for preventing acute otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2007;26:423-427.

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58.  Lagace E. Xylitol for prevention of acute otitis media. J Fam Pract. 1999;48:89.

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59.  Azarpazhooh A, Lawrence HP, Shah PS, et al. Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(8):CD007095.

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60.  Danhauer JL, Johnson CE, Corbin NE, et al. Xylitol as a prophylaxis for acute otitis media: systematic review. Int J Audiol. 2010;49:754-761.

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61.  Leach AJ, Morris PS. Antibiotics for the prevention of acute and chronic suppurative otitis media in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(4):CD004401.

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