诊断主要依靠病史和查体。实验室检查对于明确诊断作用不大。
临床病史
典型疼痛为刺痛或刀割样疼痛,并可向足跟外侧放射。疼痛可累及跖筋膜跟骨止点以远,内侧足弓也可出现疼痛。休息后可缓解是该病特点之一。晨起或休息后初始行走疼痛明显(静止后运动障碍)。赤足行走疼痛加剧,非甾体抗炎药可缓解疼痛。大多数患者无明显足跟部外伤史。
1/3患者为双侧发病,此类患者大多数可能存在系统性疾病。[3]Buchbinder R. Plantar fasciitis. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2159-2166.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15152061?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Paige NM, Nouvong A. The top 10 things foot and ankle specialists wish every primary care physician knew. Mayo Clin Proc. 2006;81:818-822.http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196%2811%2961736-9/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16770982?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Burns PR, Scanlan RL, Zgonis T, et al. Pathologic conditions of the heel: tumors and arthritides. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2005;22:115-136.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15555848?tool=bestpractice.com
此为自限性疾病,即使疼痛严重,不经特殊治疗,大多数6-18个月也可自行缓解。[2]Dyck DD Jr, Boyajian-O'Neill LA. Plantar fasciitis. Clin J Sport Med. 2004;14:305-309.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15377971?tool=bestpractice.com
发现危险因素
危险因素包括:跑步、肥胖、马蹄足、40-60岁年龄组、扁平足或弓形足以及长时间站立等。
查体
体检时可于跟骨跖内侧或中间有点状压痛,除此之外跖筋膜近侧1/3也可存在压痛。
外侧挤压试验以除外应力骨折(挤压足跟外侧时疼痛比足底明显)。[3]Buchbinder R. Plantar fasciitis. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2159-2166.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15152061?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Weber JM, Vidt LG, Gehl RS, et al. Calcaneal stress fractures. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2005;22:45-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15555842?tool=bestpractice.com内翻足跟以确定是否存在神经受累。跖筋膜炎时背伸-外翻试验(踝关节背伸、距下关节外翻引起疼痛)和Windlass试验(跖趾关节背伸出现疼痛)常为阳性。[16]De Garceau D, Dean D, Requejo SM, et al. The association between diagnosis of plantar fasciitis and windlass test results. Foot Ankle Int. 2003;24:251-255.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12793489?tool=bestpractice.com
压痛位于后足内侧而不是跖筋膜内侧常提示屈踇长肌腱病变。[17]Alshami AM, Babri AS, Souvlis T, et al. Biomechanical evaluation of two clinical tests for plantar heel pain: the dorsiflexion-eversion test for tarsal tunnel syndrome and the windlass test for plantar fasciitis. Foot Ankle Int. 2007;28:499-505.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17475147?tool=bestpractice.com
跟骨上缘触诊或叩诊可诱发Tinel症(叩诊时出现胫神经或其分支支配区域感觉异常)提示神经卡压、跗管综合征或神经炎。[18]Jolly GP, Zgonis T, Hendrix CL. Neurogenic heel pain. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2005;22:101-113.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15555847?tool=bestpractice.com跖筋膜炎患者此检查为阴性,合并其他疾病时可能为阳性。
X 线检查
X线片对跖筋膜炎的诊断帮助不大,但有助于排除其他疾病,如应力骨折或其他原因引起的足跟疼痛。正规治疗效果不佳也可考虑行X线片检查。[19]Levy JC, Mizel MS, Clifford PD, et al. Value of radiographs in the initial evaluation of nontraumatic adult heel pain. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27:427-430.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16764799?tool=bestpractice.comX线片常可见跟骨下方骨刺形成,但这并非诊断必须,可能只是偶然所见。[8]Cornwall MW, McPoil TG. Plantar fasciitis: etiology and treatment. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1999;12:756-760.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10612073?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Cole C, Seto C, Gazewood J. Plantar fasciitis: evidence-based review of diagnosis and therapy. Am Fam Physician. 2005;72:2237-2242.http://www.aafp.org/afp/20051201/2237.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16342847?tool=bestpractice.com
后续的调查
如果怀疑其他诊断应进一步检查。病史或影像学检查提示类风湿性关节炎,应行实验室检查,类风湿因子阳性率可达70%。[6]Burns PR, Scanlan RL, Zgonis T, et al. Pathologic conditions of the heel: tumors and arthritides. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2005;22:115-136.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15555848?tool=bestpractice.com怀疑脊柱关节病(如强直性脊柱炎、Reiter病)时应检查HLA-B27。[6]Burns PR, Scanlan RL, Zgonis T, et al. Pathologic conditions of the heel: tumors and arthritides. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2005;22:115-136.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15555848?tool=bestpractice.com
X线片示可疑应力骨折或保守治疗效果不佳应行骨扫描检查。跖筋膜炎时可见跖筋膜止点局部放射性浓聚。[21]Intenzo CM, Wapner KL, Park CH, et al. Evaluation of plantar fasciitis by three-phase bone scintigraphy. Clin Nucl Med. 1991;16:325-328.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2054987?tool=bestpractice.com
顽固性疼痛(疼痛超过12个月)、局部可触及或其他影像学检查提示软组织或骨性包块,应行磁共振检查。
超声检查的指征与磁共振相似并可替代磁共振,跖筋膜炎时可见跖筋膜增厚达 4 mm。[22]Karabay N, Toros T, Hurel C. Ultrasonographic evaluation in plantar fasciitis. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2007;46:442-446.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17980840?tool=bestpractice.com超声波检查也能够显示附着点病变和低回声。由于超声相关成本较低,未来其可能成为更广泛使用的方法。[23]Radwan A, Wyland M, Applequist L, et al. Ultrasonography, an effective tool in diagnosing plantar fasciitis: a systematic review of diagnostic trials. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2016;11:663-671.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5048334/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27757279?tool=bestpractice.com
转诊
如果影像学检查有异常发现应请骨科或风湿免疫科会诊。