女性不孕的病因包括宫颈/子宫异常、输卵管疾病、排卵功能障碍及不明原因的不孕。卵巢功能障碍是最常见的病因。[8]Smith S, Pfeifer SM, Collins JA. Diagnosis and management of female infertility. JAMA. 2003;290:1767-1770.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14519712?tool=bestpractice.com部分原因是由于年龄是不孕的主要危险因素,女性显著推迟了第一次分娩的时间。确切的研究表明,生育能力随年龄的增长而下降,且在 35 岁时会加速下降。[9]Baird DT, Collins J, Egozcue J, et al; ESHRE Capri Workshop Group. Fertility and ageing. Hum Reprod Update. 2005;11:261-276.http://humupd.oxfordjournals.org/content/11/3/261.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15831503?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Tietze C. Reproductive span and rate of reproduction among Hutterite women. Fertil Steril. 1957;8:89-97.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13405050?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Schwartz D, Mayaux MJ, The Federation des Centres d'Etude et de Conservation du Sperme-Humain. Female fecundity as a function of age. Results of artificial insemination in 2193 nulliparous women with azoospermic husbands. N Engl J Med. 1982;306:404-406.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7057832?tool=bestpractice.com多囊卵巢综合征,据估计影响了 5% 的女性,也是排卵性不孕的主要促进因素。全球面临的不孕不育问题的主要原因是由感染引起的输卵管疾病,包括淋病、衣原体感染和结核。[4]Sciarra JJ. Infertility: a global perspective on the role of infections. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1991;626:478-483.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2058968?tool=bestpractice.com子宫内膜异位症也会促发输卵管疾病。吸烟、[12]Dechanet C, Anahory T, Mathieu Daude JC, et al. Effects of cigarette smoking on reproduction. Hum Reprod Update. 2011;17:76-95.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20685716?tool=bestpractice.com[13]MG Hull, North K, Taylor H, et al. Delayed conception and active and passive smoking: the Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood Study Team. Fertil Steril. 2000;74:725-733.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11020514?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Smoking and infertility. Fertil Steril. 2008;90(suppl 5):S254-S259.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19007641?tool=bestpractice.com极高体脂、[15]Mantzoros CS. Role of leptin in reproduction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;900:174-183.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10818404?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Moschos S, Chan JL, Mantzoros CS. Leptin and reproduction: a review. Fertil Steril. 2002;77:433-444.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11872190?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Moran LJ, Noakes M, Clifton PM, et al. Dietary composition in restoring reproductive and metabolic physiology in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:812-819.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12574218?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Metwally M, Ledger WL, Li TC. Reproductive endocrinology and clinical aspects of obesity in women. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1127:140-146.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18443342?tool=bestpractice.com和体重减轻[19]Golden NH, Jacobson MS, Schebendach J, et al. Resumption of menses in anorexia nervosa. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997;151:16-21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9006523?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Chan JL, Mantzoros CS. Role of leptin in energy-deprivation states: normal human physiology and clinical implications for hypothalamic amenorrhoea and anorexia nervosa. Lancet. 2005;366:74-85.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15993236?tool=bestpractice.com可能也会促进受孕延迟。女性体脂高低与排卵功能障碍有关,吸烟与加速绝经有关。