有症状的颈椎病患者有 3 种主要的临床综合征:
轴颈痛
神经根型颈椎病 (CSR)
脊髓型颈椎病 (CSM)。
后 2 种综合征可能有重叠,并且都包括不同程度的轴颈痛。[2]Guzman J, Haldeman S, Carroll LJ, et al. Clinical practice implications of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders: from concepts and findings to recommendations. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2009;32(2 Suppl):S227-S243.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19251069?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Binder AI. Neck pain. BMJ Clin Evid. 2008. http://clinicalevidence.bmj.com/ (last accessed 9 August 2016).http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2907992/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19445809?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Binder AI. Cervical spondylosis and neck pain. BMJ. 2007;334:527-531.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17347239?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Rao RD, Currier BL, Albert TJ, et al. Degenerative cervical spondylosis: clinical syndromes, pathogenesis and management. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89:1360-1378.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17575617?tool=bestpractice.com 颈部疼痛可为急性也可为慢性,是最常见的症状(也是最容易治疗的),可伴有或不伴有因神经根型和/或脊髓型颈椎病带来的神经系统症状。关于判断个体治疗对这些临床综合征效果的临床证据往往互相矛盾,主要是由于不同机构实施的随机对照试验质量较差和倾向于多种干预方法联合应用。[2]Guzman J, Haldeman S, Carroll LJ, et al. Clinical practice implications of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders: from concepts and findings to recommendations. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2009;32(2 Suppl):S227-S243.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19251069?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Binder AI. Neck pain. BMJ Clin Evid. 2008. http://clinicalevidence.bmj.com/ (last accessed 9 August 2016).http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2907992/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19445809?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Hegmann KT. Cervical and thoracic spine disorders. In: Occupational medicine practice guidelines: evaluation and management of common health problems and functional recovery in workers. 3rd ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (ACOEM); 2011.
对急性(<6 周)、非创伤性轴性颈椎痛的一线治疗是物理治疗(包括颈部牵引)。[28]Evans R, Bronfort G, Nelson B, et al. Two-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial of spinal manipulation and two types of exercise for patients with chronic neck pain. Spine. 2002;27:2383-2389.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12438988?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Gross A, Kay TM, Paquin JP, et al. Exercises for mechanical neck disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(1):CD004250.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004250.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25629215?tool=bestpractice.com证据 A症状缓解:有高质量的证据显示,对于轴性颈椎痛的患者,颈部活动训练和颈部按摩联合疗法与药物治疗同样有效。[28]Evans R, Bronfort G, Nelson B, et al. Two-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial of spinal manipulation and two types of exercise for patients with chronic neck pain. Spine. 2002;27:2383-2389.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12438988?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Gross A, Kay TM, Paquin JP, et al. Exercises for mechanical neck disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(1):CD004250.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004250.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25629215?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 对于轴性颈椎痛的程度,可以通过简单的结局指标进行评估,以决定后续治疗。[26]Cook CE, Richardson JK, Pietrobon R, et al. Validation of the NHANES ADL scale in a sample of patients with report of cervical pain: factor analysis, item response theory analysis, and line item validity. Disabil Rehabil. 2006;28:929-935.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16861200?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Evans R, Bronfort G, Nelson B, et al. Two-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial of spinal manipulation and two types of exercise for patients with chronic neck pain. Spine. 2002;27:2383-2389.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12438988?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Gross A, Kay TM, Paquin JP, et al. Exercises for mechanical neck disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(1):CD004250.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004250.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25629215?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Pietrobon R, Coeytaux RR, Carey TS, et al. Standard scales for the measurement of functional outcome for cervical pain or dysfunction. Spine. 2002;27:515-522.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11880837?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Graham N, Gross A, Goldsmith CH, et al. Mechanical traction for neck pain with or without radiculopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(3):CD006408.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006408.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18646151?tool=bestpractice.com 目前并不清楚单纯的患者教育是否有助于治疗。[32]Gross A, Forget M, St George K, et al. Patient education for neck pain. Cochrane Database Systematic Rev. 2012;(3):CD005106.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005106.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22419306?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Furlan AD, Yazdi F, Tsertsvadze A, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and safety of selected complementary and alternative medicine for neck and low-back pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:953139.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22203884?tool=bestpractice.com 补充治疗以及其他治疗显示出很轻微的长期疗效。[34]Furlan JC, Kalsi-Ryan S, Kailaya-Vasan A, et al. Functional and clinical outcomes following surgical treatment in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy: a prospective study of 81 cases. J Neurosurg Spine. 2011;14:348-355.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21235299?tool=bestpractice.com
根据疼痛的严重程度加用非甾体抗炎药,对一些患者可能有益。[27]Hegmann KT. Cervical and thoracic spine disorders. In: Occupational medicine practice guidelines: evaluation and management of common health problems and functional recovery in workers. 3rd ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (ACOEM); 2011.
如果肌肉痉挛是疼痛的一个特征,肌肉松弛的药物和手法按摩(包括热敷、按摩和颈枕)可能对某些患者有益。[13]Salt E, Wright C, Kelly S, Dean A. A systematic literature review on the effectiveness of non-invasive therapy for cervicobrachial pain. Man Ther. 2011;16:53-65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21075037?tool=bestpractice.com 加用激痛点和/或面关节注射和经皮神经电刺激 (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator, TENS) 也可能有益。[7]Binder AI. Cervical spondylosis and neck pain. BMJ. 2007;334:527-531.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17347239?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Mazanec D, Reddy A. Medical management of cervical spondylosis. Neurosurgery. 2007;60:S43-S50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17204885?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Gross AR, Goldsmith C, Hoving JL, et al.; Cervical Overview Group. Conservative management of mechanical neck disorders: a systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2007;34:1083-1102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17295434?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Graham N, Gross A, Goldsmith CH, et al. Mechanical traction for neck pain with or without radiculopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(3):CD006408.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006408.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18646151?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Falco FJ, Erhart S, Wargo BW, et al. Systematic review of diagnostic utility and therapeutic effectiveness of cervical facet joint interventions. Pain Physician. 2009;12:323-344.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19305483?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Kroeling P, Gross A, Graham N, et al. Electrotherapy for neck pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(8):CD004251.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004251.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23979926?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Chow RT, Johnson MI, Lopes-Martins RA, et al. Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in the management of neck pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo or active-treatment controlled trials. Lancet. 2009;374:1897-1908.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19913903?tool=bestpractice.com
其他的治疗方法包括各种颈椎硬膜外注射、脊椎按摩疗法、针灸以及其他非传统治疗,尤其是电疗、激光治疗和颈椎手法治疗。[13]Salt E, Wright C, Kelly S, Dean A. A systematic literature review on the effectiveness of non-invasive therapy for cervicobrachial pain. Man Ther. 2011;16:53-65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21075037?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Levin JH. Prospective, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trials in interventional spine: what the highest quality literature tells us. Spine J. 2009;9:690-703.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18789773?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Evans R, Bronfort G, Nelson B, et al. Two-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial of spinal manipulation and two types of exercise for patients with chronic neck pain. Spine. 2002;27:2383-2389.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12438988?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Graham N, Gross A, Goldsmith CH, et al. Mechanical traction for neck pain with or without radiculopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(3):CD006408.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006408.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18646151?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Kroeling P, Gross A, Graham N, et al. Electrotherapy for neck pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(8):CD004251.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004251.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23979926?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Chow RT, Johnson MI, Lopes-Martins RA, et al. Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in the management of neck pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo or active-treatment controlled trials. Lancet. 2009;374:1897-1908.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19913903?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Malone D, Baldwin NG, Tomecek FJ, et al. Complications of cervical spine manipulation therapy: 5-year retrospective study in a single-group practice. Neurosurg Focus. 2002;13:1-8.http://thejns.org/doi/pdf/10.3171/foc.2002.13.6.8http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15766233?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Benyamin RM, Singh V, Parr AT, et al. Systematic review of the effectiveness of cervical epidurals in the management of chronic neck pain. Pain Physician. 2009;12:137-157.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19165300?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Canadian Chiropractic Association; Canadian Federation of Chiropractic Regulatory and Education Boards. Clinical practice guideline for the chiropractic treatment of adults with neck pain. March 2014. http://files.chiropracticcanada.ca (last accessed 9 August 2016).https://www.calchiro.org/sites/default/files/Neck-Pain-Practitioners-Guide-2014.pdf[41]Fu LM, Li JT, Wu WS. Randomized controlled trials of acupuncture for neck pain: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Altern Complement Med. 2009;15:133-145.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19216662?tool=bestpractice.com 这些治疗方法有可能会额外增加了风险,目前的证据并不支持用于轴性颈椎痛的治疗。[38]Malone D, Baldwin NG, Tomecek FJ, et al. Complications of cervical spine manipulation therapy: 5-year retrospective study in a single-group practice. Neurosurg Focus. 2002;13:1-8.http://thejns.org/doi/pdf/10.3171/foc.2002.13.6.8http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15766233?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Diwan S, Manchikanti L, Benyamin RM, et al. Effectiveness of cervical epidural injections in the management of chronic neck and upper extremity pain. Pain Physician. 2012;15:E405-E434.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22828692?tool=bestpractice.com
所有的治疗均为对症性治疗,目的是减轻患者主诉的特定部分症状,没有一种方法能对潜在性颈椎病起作用或者影响颈椎退行性疾病的长期性质。很少有治疗方法能够使疗效维持在 6 周以上。[7]Binder AI. Cervical spondylosis and neck pain. BMJ. 2007;334:527-531.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17347239?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Gross AR, Goldsmith C, Hoving JL, et al.; Cervical Overview Group. Conservative management of mechanical neck disorders: a systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2007;34:1083-1102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17295434?tool=bestpractice.com
如果治疗能够改善患者的不适症状,对慢性颈部痛(>6周)可以行持续的症状性治疗。对于轴性颈椎痛,正开始考虑是否行颈椎关节成形术,但这种治疗方法目前还没有获得 FDA 批准作为单纯轴性颈椎痛的治疗方法。[8]Rao RD, Currier BL, Albert TJ, et al. Degenerative cervical spondylosis: clinical syndromes, pathogenesis and management. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89:1360-1378.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17575617?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Burkus JK, Haid RW, Traynelis VC, et al. Long-term clinical and radiographic outcomes of cervical disc replacement with the Prestige disc: results from a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial. J Neurosurg Spine. 2010;13:308-318.http://thejns.org/doi/pdf/10.3171/2010.3.SPINE09513http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20809722?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Boselie TF, Willems PC, van Mameren H, et al. Arthroplasty versus fusion in single-level cervical degenerative disc disease: a Cochrane review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013 Aug 1;38(17):E1096-107.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23656959?tool=bestpractice.com临床医生应该向当地管理机构咨询这种治疗方法的适应证。总的来说,手术对治疗颈部疼痛无帮助,但是相关证据质量低。[45]van Middelkoop M, Rubinstein SM, Ostelo R, et al. Surgery versus conservative care for neck pain: a systematic review. Eur Spine J. 2013;22:87-95.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23104514?tool=bestpractice.com
上肢放射痛可能较为严重,而且初期可以通过口服止痛药物联合物理疗法和颈椎牵引进行处理。[7]Binder AI. Cervical spondylosis and neck pain. BMJ. 2007;334:527-531.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17347239?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Gross AR, Goldsmith C, Hoving JL, et al.; Cervical Overview Group. Conservative management of mechanical neck disorders: a systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2007;34:1083-1102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17295434?tool=bestpractice.com 口服类固醇激素可能对某些患者有效。[17]Gross AR, Goldsmith C, Hoving JL, et al.; Cervical Overview Group. Conservative management of mechanical neck disorders: a systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2007;34:1083-1102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17295434?tool=bestpractice.com 由于患者起初有严重疼痛,建议在初期将这些方法结合,以限制对神经的刺激。[20]Bono CM, Ghiselli G, Gilbert TJ, et al; North American Spine Society. An evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of cervical radiculopathy from degenerative disorders. Spine J. 2011;11:64-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21168100?tool=bestpractice.com
为了保持口服皮质类固醇的积极作用,后续更具侵入性的治疗方式可能包含相应节段硬膜外皮质类固醇注射或颈神经根阻滞,这主要取决于初始治疗的时机和结局。[19]Van Zundert J, Huntoon M, Patijn J, et al. 4. Cervical radicular pain. Pain Pract. 2010;10:1-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19807874?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Levin JH. Prospective, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trials in interventional spine: what the highest quality literature tells us. Spine J. 2009;9:690-703.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18789773?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Benyamin RM, Singh V, Parr AT, et al. Systematic review of the effectiveness of cervical epidurals in the management of chronic neck pain. Pain Physician. 2009;12:137-157.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19165300?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Diwan S, Manchikanti L, Benyamin RM, et al. Effectiveness of cervical epidural injections in the management of chronic neck and upper extremity pain. Pain Physician. 2012;15:E405-E434.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22828692?tool=bestpractice.com
在大多数患者(大约 75%)中,严重的上肢痛在 4-6 周时可能自行减轻。疼痛最终通过保守治疗缓解,但是完全消失可能需要 1-2 年。[8]Rao RD, Currier BL, Albert TJ, et al. Degenerative cervical spondylosis: clinical syndromes, pathogenesis and management. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89:1360-1378.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17575617?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Van Zundert J, Huntoon M, Patijn J, et al. 4. Cervical radicular pain. Pain Pract. 2010;10:1-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19807874?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Persson LC, Lilja A. Pain, coping, emotional state and physical function in patients with chronic radicular neck pain. Disabil Rehabil. 2001;23:325-335.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11374522?tool=bestpractice.com
如果疼痛不能缓解,而且所有症状、体征以及诊断性检查均提示单一神经根受压,那么行手术减压可能有效。[8]Rao RD, Currier BL, Albert TJ, et al. Degenerative cervical spondylosis: clinical syndromes, pathogenesis and management. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89:1360-1378.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17575617?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Van Zundert J, Huntoon M, Patijn J, et al. 4. Cervical radicular pain. Pain Pract. 2010;10:1-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19807874?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Joint Section on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and Congress of Neurological Surgeons. Guidelines for the surgical management of cervical degenerative disease. 2009. http://thejns.org/ (last accessed 9 August 2016).http://thejns.org/doi/full/10.3171/2009.1.SPINE08712[47]North American Spine Society. Diagnosis and treatment of cervical radiculopathy from degenerative disorders. 2010. http://www.spine.org (last accessed 9 August 2016).https://www.spine.org/Documents/ResearchClinicalCare/Guidelines/CervicalRadiculopathy.pdf 神经减压的手术方法有多种(这方面仍在争议),但一般根据患者的症状、累及的节段数和颈椎 MRI 扫描的特定解剖,选择颈椎前路椎间切除融合术 (ACDF) 或后路神经减压术。通常需要至少 2-3 个月的保守治疗。由于明显的肌力下降或神经病学改变很少与神经根型颈椎病相关,是否考虑手术减压的主要决定依赖于患者主观疼痛的程度和不适的严重性。另一方法是行颈椎关节成形术,放置人工椎间盘替代移植和骨板,以避免骨融合,并保留了运动功能;多项随机研究已经开展,但是这些手术并未在各地常规开展。[44]Boselie TF, Willems PC, van Mameren H, et al. Arthroplasty versus fusion in single-level cervical degenerative disc disease: a Cochrane review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013 Aug 1;38(17):E1096-107.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23656959?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Gao F, Mao T, Sun W, et al. An updated meta-analysis comparing artificial cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) for the treatment of cervical degenerative disc disease (CDDD). Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2015;40:1816-1823.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26571063?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Janssen ME, Zigler JE, Spivak JM, et al. ProDisc-C total disc replacement versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for single-level symptomatic cervical disc disease: seven-year follow-up of the prospective randomized US Food and Drug Administration investigational device exemption study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015;97:1738-1747.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26537161?tool=bestpractice.com 尽管已开展这些随机研究,但目前尚无明确的证据证实,与前路椎间切除融合术 (ACDF) 相比,关节成形术能更好地缓解上肢根性痛。不过,虽然尚无明确数据表明,关节成形术可预防随着时间推移出现临近节段狭窄,但与 ACDF 相比,关节成形术后二次手术率可能更低。[44]Boselie TF, Willems PC, van Mameren H, et al. Arthroplasty versus fusion in single-level cervical degenerative disc disease: a Cochrane review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013 Aug 1;38(17):E1096-107.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23656959?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Gao F, Mao T, Sun W, et al. An updated meta-analysis comparing artificial cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) for the treatment of cervical degenerative disc disease (CDDD). Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2015;40:1816-1823.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26571063?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Janssen ME, Zigler JE, Spivak JM, et al. ProDisc-C total disc replacement versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for single-level symptomatic cervical disc disease: seven-year follow-up of the prospective randomized US Food and Drug Administration investigational device exemption study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015;97:1738-1747.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26537161?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Shriver MF, Lubelski D, Sharma AM, et al. Adjacent segment degeneration and disease following cervical arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Spine J. 2016;16:168-181.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26515401?tool=bestpractice.com
对于症状严重且有良好手术适应证的患者,手术减压是首选的一线治疗方法,但是两项随机对照试验都没有显示手术减压对轻、中度脊髓型颈椎病的有短期益处。[12]Rao RD, Gourab K, David KS. Operative treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Bone Surg Am. 2006;88:1619-1640.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16818991?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Nikolaidis I, Fouyas IP, Sandercock PA, et al. Surgery for cervical radiculopathy or myelopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(1):CD001466.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001466.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20091520?tool=bestpractice.com 理想的手术减压可为脊髓获得充足空间而保持颈椎的活动性却不会导致颈椎的不稳定;但是这种理想的治疗方法并不存在。通常严重潜在性退行性关节病的充分治疗需要节段的融合或制动,从而导致颈椎活动度丧失。[21]Joint Section on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and Congress of Neurological Surgeons. Guidelines for the surgical management of cervical degenerative disease. 2009. http://thejns.org/ (last accessed 9 August 2016).http://thejns.org/doi/full/10.3171/2009.1.SPINE08712[47]North American Spine Society. Diagnosis and treatment of cervical radiculopathy from degenerative disorders. 2010. http://www.spine.org (last accessed 9 August 2016).https://www.spine.org/Documents/ResearchClinicalCare/Guidelines/CervicalRadiculopathy.pdf 采用前路手术中,邻近节段可随时间推荐进展至退行性关节病,导致邻近节段狭窄。采用后路手术可能导致颈椎不稳定(仅椎板切除)或者颈椎活动度近乎完全消失(需要典型的广泛后路融合)。而且,减压手术仅仅是稳定了脊髓功能(症状仅有轻微改善),因为通常在手术时已经存在脊髓的永久性损伤。因此治疗趋势是早期手术,或者在无症状时行手术治疗,患者有更多恢复正常功能的机会。[9]Matz PG. Does nonoperative management play a role in the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy? Spine J. 2006;6:175S-181S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17097536?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Joint Section on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and Congress of Neurological Surgeons. Guidelines for the surgical management of cervical degenerative disease. 2009. http://thejns.org/ (last accessed 9 August 2016).http://thejns.org/doi/full/10.3171/2009.1.SPINE08712[23]Nikolaidis I, Fouyas IP, Sandercock PA, et al. Surgery for cervical radiculopathy or myelopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(1):CD001466.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001466.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20091520?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Benatar M. Clinical equipoise and treatment decisions in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Can J Neurol Sci. 2007;34:47-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17352346?tool=bestpractice.com[47]North American Spine Society. Diagnosis and treatment of cervical radiculopathy from degenerative disorders. 2010. http://www.spine.org (last accessed 9 August 2016).https://www.spine.org/Documents/ResearchClinicalCare/Guidelines/CervicalRadiculopathy.pdf
保守治疗包括用硬质颈托固定。[9]Matz PG. Does nonoperative management play a role in the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy? Spine J. 2006;6:175S-181S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17097536?tool=bestpractice.com 硬质颈托固定可作为非手术适应证患者的首选治疗。在一些国家(但并非所有国家),对于轻度慢性症状的患者也采取保守治疗。这种保守治疗方法在治疗轻中度脊髓型颈椎病(1-3年)已经显示出与手术减压同样的疗效。[23]Nikolaidis I, Fouyas IP, Sandercock PA, et al. Surgery for cervical radiculopathy or myelopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(1):CD001466.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001466.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20091520?tool=bestpractice.com 在脊髓型颈椎病的治疗中,没有药物是长期有效的;短期应用皮质类固醇可作为手术前的过度,但是由于其不良作用,疗程应<2 周。
在前瞻性多中心研究的支持下,在某些国家,对于脊髓型颈椎病,考虑将全节段水平手术治疗作为标准治疗方法。 [21]Joint Section on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and Congress of Neurological Surgeons. Guidelines for the surgical management of cervical degenerative disease. 2009. http://thejns.org/ (last accessed 9 August 2016).http://thejns.org/doi/full/10.3171/2009.1.SPINE08712[47]North American Spine Society. Diagnosis and treatment of cervical radiculopathy from degenerative disorders. 2010. http://www.spine.org (last accessed 9 August 2016).https://www.spine.org/Documents/ResearchClinicalCare/Guidelines/CervicalRadiculopathy.pdf[51]Fehlings MG, Wilson JR, Kopjar B, et al. Efficacy and safety of surgical decompression in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy: results of the AOSpine North America prospective multi-center study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95:1651-1658.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24048552?tool=bestpractice.com 因此手术减压通常用于有症状就诊的患者,但手术医生之间存在个体差异。由于存在偏倚以及担心推迟手术减压可能导致患者出现不可逆的神经功能恶化,因此对于脊髓型颈椎病,不可能开展任何形式的随机外科对照试验。[25]Benatar M. Clinical equipoise and treatment decisions in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Can J Neurol Sci. 2007;34:47-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17352346?tool=bestpractice.com
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