避免暴露在紫外线下:这可预防出现 PLE 的临床症状;但通常不具有可行性。积极寻求避免日光暴露的患者应适当进行维生素 D 补充方面的咨询。[60]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Sunlight exposure: risks and benefits. February 2016. https://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 30 August 2017).https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng34
物理紫外线防护:通过穿戴密实梭织的衣服、穿戴防紫外线的衣服(具有过滤紫外线的功能)[61]Gies HP, Roy CR, Elliott G, et al. Ultraviolet radiation protection factors for clothing. Health Phys. 1994;67:131-139.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8026966?tool=bestpractice.com或使用矿物防晒霜(例如含二氧化钛)来阻挡紫外线照射至皮肤。[62]Diffey BL, Farr PM. Sunscreen protection against UVB, UVA and blue light: an in vivo and in vitro comparison. Br J Dermatol. 1991;124:258-263.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1805808?tool=bestpractice.com
化学紫外线防护/防晒霜:联合强效抗氧化剂(例如α葡萄基芸香苷 [一种天然存在的黄酮类化合物] 和醋酸生育酚 [维生素 E])的一种外用强效 UV-A 和 UV-B 过滤系统已经可作为防晒霜使用。这是一种影响皮肤氧化应激反应的有效方法,可维持内源性氧化还原系统的体内平衡,并防止 PLE 临床症状的诱发。[31]Hadshiew I, Stab F, Untiedt S, et al. Effects of topically applied antioxidants in experimentally provoked polymorphous light eruption. Dermatology. 1997;195:362-368.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9529558?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Hadshiew IM, Treder-Conrad C, v. Bülow R, et al. Polymorphous light eruption (PLE) and a new potent antioxidant and UVA-protective formulation as prophylaxis. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2004;20:200-204.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15238098?tool=bestpractice.com[63]McFadden N. UVA sensitivity and topical photoprotection in polymorphous light eruption. Photodermatol. 1984;1:76-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6531284?tool=bestpractice.com
皮肤自然调节(强化):尽管有时很难在不引起 PLE 症状的情况下得以实施,但缓慢、重复接受自然日晒可以防止诱发进一步的症状。由于存在诱发进一步症状和皮肤恶性肿瘤的风险,这种方法不可取。
光疗:多种光疗方案已用于诱导皮肤调节,即所谓的强化。尽管 UV-B(宽带和窄带)、UV-A、UV-A + UV-B、补骨脂素(8-甲氧补骨脂素)+ UV-A (PUVA) 和补骨脂素 + UV-B (PUVB) 已投入使用,并取得了不同程度的成功,但它们也有诱导或加剧 PLE 皮肤病变的风险。[22]Ros AM, Wennersten G. Current aspects of polymorphous light eruptions in Sweden. Photodermatology. 1986;3:298-302.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3547354?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Hadshiew IM, Treder-Conrad C, v. Bülow R, et al. Polymorphous light eruption (PLE) and a new potent antioxidant and UVA-protective formulation as prophylaxis. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2004;20:200-204.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15238098?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Murphy GM, Logan RA, Lovell CR, et al. Prophylactic PUVA and UVB therapy in polymorphic light eruption - a controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 1987;116:531-538.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3555596?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Bilsland D, George SA, Gibbs NK, et al. A comparison of narrow band phototherapy (TL-01) and photochemotherapy (PUVA) in the management of polymorphic light eruption. Br J Dermatol. 1993;129:708-712.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8286256?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Berg M, Ros AM, Berne B. Ultraviolet A phototherapy and trimethylpsoralen UVA photochemotherapy in polymorphous light eruption - a controlled study. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 1994;10:139-143.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7803223?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Corbett, MF, Hawk JL, Herxheimer A, et al. Controlled therapeutic trials in polymorphous light eruption. Br J Dermatol. 1982;107:571-581.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6751374?tool=bestpractice.com 接受 PUVA 的患者也可能会出现晒伤反应,甚至光毒性反应。[68]Morison WL, Marwaha S, Beck L. PUVA-induced phototoxicity: incidence and causes. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;36:183-185.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9039165?tool=bestpractice.com对于某些患者,在初夏进行一个短期疗程可能足以取得良好的疗效;[69]Menage P du H, Norris P, Cheong W, et al. Short course PUVA therapy is effective in polymorphic light eruption. Br J Dermatol. 1992;127:32.[70]Palmer RA, Friedmann PS. A comparison of six and 12 PUVA treatments in the prohylaxis of polymorphic light eruption. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2004;29:141-143.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14987268?tool=bestpractice.com 但是对于一些患者,可能需要强烈、反复的紫外线暴露,才能实现对 PLE 临床症状进行预防性保护的目的。这增加了皮肤癌和光老化的远期风险。[71]Stern RS, Vakeva LH. Noncutaneous malignant tumors in the PUVA follow-up study: 1975-1996. J Invest Dermatol. 1997;108:897-900.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9182818?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Stern RS. The risk of melanoma in association with long-term exposure to PUVA. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44:755-761.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11312420?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Lindelof B, Sigurgeirsson B, Tegner E, et al. PUVA and cancer: a large-scale epidemiological study. Lancet. 1991;338:91-93.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1676477?tool=bestpractice.com关于 UVB 是否优于 PUVA,目前有多种报告。当前的指南建议,如果 UVB 失败,则应考虑 PUVA,并且这种做法优于全身性治疗。[74]Ling TC, Clayton TH, Crawley J, et al. British Association of Dermatologists and British Photodermatology Group guidelines for the safe and effective use of psoralen-ultraviolet A therapy 2015. Br J Dermatol. 2016;174:24-55.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjd.14317/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26790656?tool=bestpractice.com
全身性预防治疗:已经表明,抗氧化剂(例如维生素 E 和 C)、[75]Eberlein-Konig B, Fesq H, Abeck D, et al. Systemic vitamin C and vitamin E do not prevent photoprovocation test reactions in polymorphous light eruption. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2000;16:50-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10823311?tool=bestpractice.comβ-胡萝卜素、[76]Jansen CT. Oral carotenoid treatment in polymorphous light eruption: a cross-over comparison with oxychloroquine and placebo. Photodermatol. 1985;2:166-169.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3895186?tool=bestpractice.com 钙、[67]Corbett, MF, Hawk JL, Herxheimer A, et al. Controlled therapeutic trials in polymorphous light eruption. Br J Dermatol. 1982;107:571-581.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6751374?tool=bestpractice.com烟酰胺、[77]Haberle MM, Arnold HU, Koch E, et al. Nikotinsäureamid zur Prophylaxe der polymorphen Lichtdermatose (PLD) - eine plazebokontrollierte Doppelblindstudie. Vita Min Spur. 1991;6:29-37.环孢素、[78]Shipley DR, Hewitt JB. Polymorphic light eruption treated with cyclosporin. Br J Dermatol. 2001;144:446-447.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11251609?tool=bestpractice.com 抗疟疾药、[79]Murphy GM, Hawk JL, Magnus IA. Hydroxychloroquine in polymorphic light eruption: a controlled trial with drug and visual sensitivity monitoring. Br J Dermatol. 1987;116:379-386.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3552020?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Pareek A, Khopkar U, Sacchidanand S, et al. Comparative study of efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in polymorphic light eruption: a randomized, double-blind, multicentric study. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2008;74:18-22.http://www.ijdvl.com/article.asp?issn=0378-6323;year=2008;volume=74;issue=1;spage=18;epage=22;aulast=Pareekhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18187817?tool=bestpractice.com或者甚至沙利度胺[81]Saul A, Flores O, Novales J. Polymorphous light eruption: treatment with thalidomide. Australas J Dermatol. 1976;17:17-21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/938368?tool=bestpractice.com的效果较差,而且后 3 种药物由于存在严重不良反应的潜在风险而不应被使用。已经表明,补充 ω- 3 脂肪酸可使 PLE 症状的严重程度得到一些改善。[57]Rhodes L, Durham B, Fraser W, et al. Dietary fish oil reduces basal and ultraviolet B-generated PGE2 levels in skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1995;105:532-535.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7561154?tool=bestpractice.com实验室[56]Przybilla B, Heppeler M, Ruzicka T. Preventive effect of an E. coli-filtrate (Colibiogen) in polymorphous light eruption. Br J Dermatol. 1989;121:229-233.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2673324?tool=bestpractice.com和临床效果均表明大肠杆菌提取物可降低 PLE 症状的严重程度和发生率。[82]Kerscher M, Przybilla B, Rueff F. Successful preventive treatment of polymorphous light eruption with an E. coli-filtrate. Allergo J. 1998;7:261-263.含有番茄红素、β-胡萝卜素和约氏乳酸杆菌的营养补充剂也显示出分子学和临床方面的获益。[58]Marini A, Jaenicke T, Grether-Beck S, et al. Prevention of polymorphic light eruption by oral administration of a nutritional supplement containing lycopene, β-carotene, and Lactobacillus johnsonii: results from a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2014;30:189-194.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24283388?tool=bestpractice.com
若之前提及的所有措施均不能控制症状和实现有效的预防,尤其是对于严重的 PLE 病例,可考虑使用硫唑嘌呤免疫抑制治疗。[59]Norris PG, Hawk JL. Successful treatment of severe polymorphous light eruption with azathioprine. Arch Dermatol. 1989;125:1377-1379.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2802645?tool=bestpractice.com