来自未烧伤皮肤的自体角质形成细胞培养物
烧伤后瘢痕疙瘩的生物分子特性可能与耳部穿刺后的瘢痕疙瘩截然不同。有一则报告病例,其使用来自未烧伤皮肤的自体角质形成细胞培养物治疗烧伤后大面积瘢痕疙瘩。[30]Burd A, Chan E. Keratinocyte-keloid interaction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;110:197-202.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12087253?tool=bestpractice.com这一观察结果也反复见于大量烧伤后瘢痕疙瘩,但病例数有限且至今尚无 RCT。
组织工程化新皮
在大面积瘢痕疙瘩的重建手术中(即瘢痕疙瘩在切除后无法一期闭合),可用新皮(类似真皮组织)层与受者皮肤对合,并已显示结果较好。[31]Bidic SM, Dauwe PB, Heller J, et al. Reconstructing large keloids with neodermis: a systematic review. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;129:380e-382e.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22286474?tool=bestpractice.com
丝裂霉素
与 DNA 发生交联,而且通常用于治疗癌症。有一些证据表明,瘢痕切除后局部施用该药物可导致瘢痕消退。[25]Talmi YP, Orenstein A, Wolf M, et al. Use of mitomycin C for treatment of keloid: a preliminary report. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;132:598-601.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15806053?tool=bestpractice.com瘢痕缩小和消退:质量差的证据显示,瘢痕切除术后使用丝裂霉素 C 可有效改善治疗效果。[25]Talmi YP, Orenstein A, Wolf M, et al. Use of mitomycin C for treatment of keloid: a preliminary report. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;132:598-601.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15806053?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。不建议病灶内给药。[32]Seo SH, Sung HW. Treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars using topical and intralesional mitomycin C. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2012;26:634-638.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21651620?tool=bestpractice.com
博来霉素
该药物可打断 DNA 结构。有一些证据表明,切除后病灶内注射或局部施用该药物可导致瘢痕消退。[26]Saray Y, Güleç AT. Treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars with dermojet injections of bleomycin: a preliminary study. Int J Dermatol. 2005;44:777-784.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16135153?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Aggarwal H, Saxena A, Lubana PS, et al. Treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars using bleomycin. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2008;7:43-49.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18254811?tool=bestpractice.com瘢痕缩小和消退:质量差的证据显示,博来霉素可有效减小瘢痕大小,并可引起较高的消退率。[26]Saray Y, Güleç AT. Treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars with dermojet injections of bleomycin: a preliminary study. Int J Dermatol. 2005;44:777-784.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16135153?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Aggarwal H, Saxena A, Lubana PS, et al. Treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars using bleomycin. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2008;7:43-49.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18254811?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。在治疗瘢痕疙瘩和肥厚性瘢痕方面,博来霉素也被证明优于地塞米松。[33]Espinoza AF. Effectiveness of intralesional bleomycin for the treatment of patients with keloid scars. Comparative study with dexamethasone [in Spanish]. Dermatología Rev Mex. 2011;55:119-126.http://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/derrevmex/rmd-2011/rmd113d.pdf另一种方法是博来霉素纹身式多点注射疗法。对于治疗较大面积的 (> 100 mm^2) 病变,相较冷冻疗法联合病灶内曲安奈德,该方法更有效。[34]Naeini FF, Najafian J, Ahmadpour K. Bleomycin tattooing as a promising therapeutic modality in large keloids and hypertrophic scars. Dermatol Surg. 2006;32:1023-1029.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16918564?tool=bestpractice.com
氟尿嘧啶
可用于注入完好的瘢痕内或可切除后局部施用。[28]Uppal RS, Khan U, Kakar S, et al. The effects of a single dose of 5-fluorouracil on keloid scars: a clinical trial of timed wound irrigation after extralesional excision. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;108:1218-1224.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11604622?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Kontochristopoulos G, Stefanaki C, Panagiotopoulos A, et al. Intralesional 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of keloids: an open clinical and histopathologic study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52:474-479.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15761426?tool=bestpractice.com瘢痕缩小和消退:质量差的证据显示,5-氟尿嘧啶(可单独外用或病灶内注射),在治疗瘢痕疙瘩方面有效(当使用 5-FU 作为单药治疗时,20 名患者中的 85% 显示病情改善 > 50%)。[28]Uppal RS, Khan U, Kakar S, et al. The effects of a single dose of 5-fluorouracil on keloid scars: a clinical trial of timed wound irrigation after extralesional excision. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;108:1218-1224.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11604622?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Kontochristopoulos G, Stefanaki C, Panagiotopoulos A, et al. Intralesional 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of keloids: an open clinical and histopathologic study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52:474-479.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15761426?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 RCT 显示 5-氟尿嘧啶有效,且无明显副作用。[35]Hatamipour E, Mehrabi S, Hatamipour M et al. Effects of combined intralesional 5- fluorouracil and topical silicone in prevention of keloids; a double blind randomized clinical trial study. Acta Med Iran. 2011;49:127-130.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21681697?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Sadeghinia A, Sadeghinia S. Comparison of the efficacy of intralesional triamcinolone acetonide and 5-fluorouracil tattooing for the treatment of keloids. Dermatol Surg. 2012;38:104-109.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22093096?tool=bestpractice.com病灶内 5-氟尿嘧啶(用作病灶周围手术切除结合外用硅酮的辅助疗法)相较病灶周围手术切除结合外用硅酮联合治疗,不发生瘢痕疙瘩的比例较高且瘢痕疙瘩复发率较低。[35]Hatamipour E, Mehrabi S, Hatamipour M et al. Effects of combined intralesional 5- fluorouracil and topical silicone in prevention of keloids; a double blind randomized clinical trial study. Acta Med Iran. 2011;49:127-130.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21681697?tool=bestpractice.com相较病灶内曲安奈德,5-氟尿嘧啶纹身式多点注射疗法也显著改善了瘢痕疙瘩治疗效果。[36]Sadeghinia A, Sadeghinia S. Comparison of the efficacy of intralesional triamcinolone acetonide and 5-fluorouracil tattooing for the treatment of keloids. Dermatol Surg. 2012;38:104-109.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22093096?tool=bestpractice.com
咪喹莫特
一种免疫调节剂,其诱导应用部位产生干扰素α。咪喹莫特 (5%) 已被用作瘢痕疙瘩切除后的外用乳膏,并在一个病例系列中有治疗成功的报道。[37]Berman B, Kaufman J. Pilot study of the effect of postoperative imiquimod 5% cream on the recurrence rate of excised keloids. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47 (suppl 1):209-211.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12271279?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Martin-Garcia RF, Busquets AC. Postsurgical use of imiquimod 5% cream in the prevention of earlobe keloid recurrences: results of an open-label, pilot study. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31:1394-1398.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16416606?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Stashower ME. Successful treatment of earlobe keloids with imiquimod after tangential shave excision. Dermatol Surg. 2006;32:380-386.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16640683?tool=bestpractice.com一项安慰剂对照试验显示,尽管 5% 咪喹莫特乳膏的耐受性好,相较于无活性成分的乳膏,统计效力不足以检测 6 个月复发率的显著差异。[40]Berman B, Harrison-Balestra C, Perez OA, et al. Treatment of keloid scars post-shave excision with imiquimod 5% cream: a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. J Drugs Dermatol. 2009;8:455-458.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19537368?tool=bestpractice.com
维拉帕米
一种钙通道阻滞剂,也可抑制胶原蛋白合成。已报道病灶内注射维拉帕米产生可变的阳性效果。[41]D'Andrea F, Brongo S, Ferraro G, et al. Prevention and treatment of keloids with intralesional verapamil. Dermatology. 2002;204:60-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11834852?tool=bestpractice.com此外,外用维拉帕米可用于切除后伤口处。[42]Copcu E, Sivrioglu N, Oztan Y. Combination of surgery and intralesional verapamil injection in the treatment of keloid. J Burn Care Rehabil. 2004;25:1-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14726733?tool=bestpractice.com比较病灶内维拉帕米和曲安奈德治疗瘢痕疙瘩和肥厚性瘢痕发现,两者均可引起瘢痕的血管量、柔韧性、高度及宽度减小。[43]Margaret Shanthi FX, Ernest K, Dhanraj P. Comparison of intralesional verapamil with intralesional triamcinolone in the treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2008;74:343-348.http://www.ijdvl.com/article.asp?issn=0378-6323;year=2008;volume=74;issue=4;spage=343;epage=348;aulast=Margarethttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18797054?tool=bestpractice.com使用曲安奈德时这些方面的减小更快,尽管维拉帕米报告的不良反应更少。
干扰素γ和干扰素α-2b
当用于瘢痕或切除后缺损时,在病例系列中均报告两者对瘢痕疙瘩的效果具有可变性。[44]Meier K, Nanney LB. Emerging new drugs for scar reduction. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2006;11:39-47.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16503825?tool=bestpractice.com
联合曲安奈德、氟尿嘧啶及脉冲-染料激光
联合疗法优于单独治疗,显示出良好的早期疗效反应。[45]Asilian A, Darougheh A, Shariati F. New combination of triamcinolone, 5-fluorouracil, and pulsed-dye laser for treatment of keloid and hypertrophic scars. Dermatol Surg. 2006;32:907-915.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16875473?tool=bestpractice.com