糙皮病治疗
对于有相关症状的患者,可以通过给予烟酰胺(尼克酰胺)制剂进行尝试性烟酸补充治疗来确诊维生素 B3 缺乏症。如果存在维生素 B3 缺乏症,则患者的皮肤症状和多种神经病学症状通常可在治疗后 48 小时内得到改善。[9]Prousky JE. Pellagra may be a rare secondary complication of anorexia nervosa: a systematic review of the literature. Altern Med Rev. 2003;8:180-185.http://www.altmedrev.com/publications/8/2/180.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12777163?tool=bestpractice.com如有临床改善,则应根据患者临床表现的严重程度给予相应剂量继续治疗 3~4 周。[2]Jacob RA. Niacin. In: Bowman BA, Russell RM, eds. Present knowledge in nutrition. 8th ed. Washington, DC: ILSI Press; 2001:199-206.[13]World Health Organization. The management of nutrition in major emergencies. 2000. http://www.who.int/ (last accessed 1 September 2017).http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/emergencies/9241545208/en/[21]Kertesz SG. Pellagra in 2 homeless men. Mayo Clin Proc. 2001;76:315-318.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11243279?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Machlin LJ, Hüni JE. Vitamins basics. Basel, Switzerland: F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd; 1994:41-48.[50]Harrington CI. A case of pellagra induced by isoniazid therapy. Practitioner. 1977;218:716-717.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/142247?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Freundlich E, Statter M, Yatziv S. Familial pellagra-like skin rash with neurological manifestations. Arch Dis Child. 1981;56:146-148.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1627116/pdf/archdisch00772-0072.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6451201?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Hoffman RS, Goldfrank LR. Ethanol-associated metabolic disorders. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 1989;7:943-961.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2680473?tool=bestpractice.com[88]Bender DA. Biochemistry of tryptophan in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med. 1983;6:101-197.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6371429?tool=bestpractice.com[89]Saracíbar N, Ferrer I, Arbizu T, et al. Pellagroid encephalopathy in chronic alcoholism: clinicopathological study (author's transl) [in Spanish]. Med Clin (Barc). 1980;75:151-155.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7412437?tool=bestpractice.com
在对患者进行尼克酸(烟酸)补充治疗时,应采用复合维生素补充制剂,以确保提供核黄素(维生素 B2)和吡哆醇(维生素 B6)等其他相关的维生素。[45]Machlin LJ, Hüni JE. Vitamins basics. Basel, Switzerland: F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd; 1994:41-48.[79]Frank GP, Voorend DM, Chamdula A, et al. Pellagra: a non-communicable disease of poverty. Trop Doct. 2012;42:182-184.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22785547?tool=bestpractice.com
烟酰胺(尼克酰胺)是首选,因为大剂量烟酸可导致恶心呕吐、皮肤潮红,以及舌和下颌麻木感和刺痛感。[13]World Health Organization. The management of nutrition in major emergencies. 2000. http://www.who.int/ (last accessed 1 September 2017).http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/emergencies/9241545208/en/尽管可采用长效缓释型的烟酸制剂,但它并非推荐的治疗方法,因为存在较高的副作用风险。与速释型制剂相比,使用长效缓释型的烟酸时肝脏和胃肠道的副作用发生率通常显著增高。
尽管通常认为 100 mg 的尼克酸(烟酸)制剂是安全的,还是有服用大剂量尼克酸(烟酸)的患者出现不良反应的报告。[45]Machlin LJ, Hüni JE. Vitamins basics. Basel, Switzerland: F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd; 1994:41-48.剂量超过 350 mg/天会导致恶心、皮肤潮红及腹泻。有报告表明当剂量高达 750 mg/天时会出现黄疸。如剂量超过 2500 mg/天,则可能引起葡萄糖耐受不良和高血糖、烧心、血清尿酸增高、皮肤潮红、肝中毒、咽喉痛、疲劳、荨麻疹及双眼无法注视。有尼克酸(烟酸)过敏记录的患者应采用长效缓释制剂进行治疗,尽管这些制剂的不良反应发生率和严重程度是否降低尚无据可查。