妊娠{0}37{1}周以内的孕妇
需进行立即分娩的指征如下:
妊娠 34 至 37 周非严重高血压疾病妇女的常规引产明显增加了新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的风险。[41]Broekhuijsen K, van Baaren GJ, van Pampus MG, et al; HYPITAT-II study group. Immediate delivery versus expectant monitoring for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy between 34 and 37 weeks of gestation (HYPITAT-II): an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015 Jun 20;385(9986):2492-501.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25817374?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How does planned delivery compare with expectant management in pregnant women with hypertensive disorders?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1611/full显示答案 在荷兰进行的一项轻度高血压妊娠 34 至 37 周妇女的研究发现,期待治疗相比立即分娩更具成本效益。[42]van Baaren GJ, Broekhuijsen K2, van Pampus MG, et al. An economic analysis of immediate delivery and expectant monitoring in women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, between 34 and 37 weeks of gestation (HYPITAT-II). BJOG. 2017 Feb;124(3):453-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26969198?tool=bestpractice.com然而,有证据表明,计划妊娠 34 周后早期分娩可降低产妇并发症发生率和死亡率。[43]Cluver C, Novikova N, Koopmans CM, et al. Planned early delivery versus expectant management for hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks gestation to term. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(1):CD009273.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009273.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28106904?tool=bestpractice.com
轻度或中度高血压:通常门诊可以处理。[44]Dowswell T, Middleton P, Weeks A. Antenatal day care units versus hospital admission for women with complicated pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(4):CD001803.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001803.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19821282?tool=bestpractice.com 治疗应从调整生活方式开始如改变饮食(通过咨询营养学家)。 应注意,对于肥胖患者并不推荐明显地降低体重,因为这可能会影响胎儿的生长;然而,肥胖孕妇体重增长有限或无增长对妊娠结局有利。[45]Kiel DW, Dodson EA, Artal R, et al. Gestational weight gain and pregnancy outcomes in obese women: how much is enough? Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Oct;110(4):752-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17906005?tool=bestpractice.com
如果通过生活方式干预,未能控制血压,应考虑给予降压药物治疗。[46]Abalos E, Duley L, Steyn DW. Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(2):CD002252.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002252.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24504933?tool=bestpractice.com 传统认为甲基多巴是一线治疗药物,但 β 受体阻滞剂(通常为拉贝洛尔)[47]Vigil-De Gracia P, Lasso M, Ruiz E, et al; HYLA treatment study. Severe hypertension in pregnancy: hydralazine or labetalol: a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2006 Sep-Oct;128(1-2):157-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16621226?tool=bestpractice.com 和硝苯地平[48]Khan K, Zamora J, Lamont RF, et al. Safety concerns for the use of calcium channel blockers in pregnancy for the treatment of spontaneous preterm labour and hypertension: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2010 Sep;23(9):1030-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20180735?tool=bestpractice.com 可以做为备选药物,传统认为甲基多巴是一线治疗药物。一篇有关β受体阻滞剂的系统综述指出,总体来说,抗高血压药与小于胎龄儿风险增加有关,尽管β受体阻滞剂药物相比其它药物这种效应要小。[49]Magee LA, Duley L. Oral beta-blockers for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(3):CD002863.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002863/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12917933?tool=bestpractice.com 不推荐使用阿替洛尔。[49]Magee LA, Duley L. Oral beta-blockers for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(3):CD002863.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002863/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12917933?tool=bestpractice.com 曾使用利尿剂,但这种情况下,不推荐。[50]Churchill D, Beevers GD, Meher S, et al. Diuretics for preventing pre-eclampsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(1):CD004451.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004451.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17253507?tool=bestpractice.com 一篇有关轻至中度已经存在或无蛋白尿的妊娠期高血压的综述发现,与非常严格控制相比,严格控制的效应无充分证据。[51]Nabhan AF, Elsedawy MM. Tight control of mild-moderate pre-existing or non-proteinuric gestational hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(7):CD006907.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006907.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21735406?tool=bestpractice.com 在随后有关轻度预先存在或妊娠期高血压妇女的研究中,流产或产妇总体并发症的风险在随机分配至“严格控制”或“非严格控制”对照组在产妇之间没有显著差异。[52]Magee LA, von Dadelszen P, Rey E, et al. Less-tight versus tight control of hypertension in pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jan 29;372(5):407-17.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1404595#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25629739?tool=bestpractice.com 然而“非严格控制”对照组与更高频率的严重产妇高血压相关。
严重高血压:孕妇如有症状,或孕妇收缩压≥160 mmHg 或舒张压≥110 mmHg,需要使用静脉类药物(如肼屈嗪或拉贝洛尔)治疗。[1]Sibai BM. Diagnosis and management of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Jul;102(1):181-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850627?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Raheem IA, Saaid R, Omar SZ, et al. Oral nifedipine versus intravenous labetalol for acute blood pressure control in hypertensive emergencies of pregnancy: a randomised trial. BJOG. 2012 Jan;119(1):78-85.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.03151.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21985500?tool=bestpractice.com降低严重高血压和抽搐的风险:有质量很差的证据表明,没有某种降压药在降压方面比其它药物更有效。 关于重度妊娠期高血压患者应进行降压治疗已达成共识。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
口服硝苯地平是这些患者静脉治疗的替代方案。
对于存在子痫前期风险的患者,曾经使用联合补充维生素 C 和 E 的方法,但已有证据显示是无效[36]Roberts JM, Myatt L, Spong CY, et al. Vitamins C and E to prevent complications of pregnancy-associated hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2010 Apr 8;362(14):1282-91.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0908056#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20375405?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Lin JH, Yang YK, Liu H, et al. Effect of antioxidants on amelioration of high-risk factors inducing hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. Chin Med J (Engl). 2010 Sep;123(18):2548-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21034626?tool=bestpractice.com 而且可能是有害的,增加子痫前期和低出生体重儿的风险。[55]Rahimi R, Nikfar S, Rezaie A, et al. A meta-analysis on the efficacy and safety of combined vitamin C and E supplementation in preeclamptic women. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2009 Aug;28(4):417-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19843004?tool=bestpractice.com
妊娠超过{0}37{1}周
如果患者妊娠超过 37 周,通常最好的处理方案是通过引产进行分娩。[56]Gilbert GE, Wahlquist AH, eds. InfoPOEMs: induction of labor may be beneficial at 36 weeks with hypertension. J Natl Med Assoc. 2010;102:151-2. [
]How does planned delivery compare with expectant management in pregnant women with hypertensive disorders?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1611/full显示答案 如患者对药物引产没有反应,有必要剖宫产终止妊娠。
患者如出现症状,或患者收缩压≥160 mmHg 或舒张压≥110 mmHg,分娩前通常使用静脉类药物(如肼屈嗪或拉贝洛尔)进行治疗。[1]Sibai BM. Diagnosis and management of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Jul;102(1):181-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850627?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Raheem IA, Saaid R, Omar SZ, et al. Oral nifedipine versus intravenous labetalol for acute blood pressure control in hypertensive emergencies of pregnancy: a randomised trial. BJOG. 2012 Jan;119(1):78-85.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.03151.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21985500?tool=bestpractice.com