3 到 6 周婴儿非胆汁性喷射性食后呕吐,并可触及幽门,是幽门狭窄的特异性病征。最初未触及幽门的病例,通常可使用超声检查。
病史
父母通常报告食后进行性非胆汁性呕吐病史。患者此前可能有更改配方奶粉、但未能解决症状的病史。可能初步诊断为胃食管反流病 (GORD)。
婴儿可能会同时出现体重增加缓慢、便秘或容量不足症状(例如湿尿布减少)。
男婴患病率是女婴的 4 倍。该病同时与非孟德尔家族模式相关联。[15]Schechter R, Torfs CP, Bateson TF. The epidemiology of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 1997;11:407-427.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9373863?tool=bestpractice.com
检查
如果病史暗示此类可能性,触及上腹部肿块或橄榄状肿块可确定诊断。该肿块是肥厚的幽门肌肉,可在腹上区和右上象限触及。通常婴儿无法平静且会一直哭泣,因此耐心和经验十分重要。该检查通过放置胃管用于胃部减压,随后使用配方奶粉或葡萄糖水的假喂。该检查应显示肝脏边缘下方有坚硬可移动肿块。
检查中,婴儿可能也会表现出腹部从左到右的蠕动波。这是由于胃试图迫使其内容物通过狭窄的幽门出口。可能出现容量不足体征,例如黏膜干燥、囟门扁平或凹陷或心动过速。
体格检查敏感度为 74%~79%。[35]Forman HP, Leonidas JC, Kronfeld GD. A rational approach to the diagnosis of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: do the results match the claims? J Pediatr Surg. 1990;25:262-266.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2406409?tool=bestpractice.com[36]White MC, Langer JC, Don S, et al. Sensitivity and cost minimization analysis of radiology versus olive palpation for the diagnosis of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. J Pediatr Surg. 1998;33:913-917.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9660228?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Hulka F, Campbell TJ, Campbell JR, et al. Evolution in the recognition of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Pediatrics, 1997;100:E9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9233980?tool=bestpractice.com由于影像检查的出现,医师基于体格检查诊断该病情的趋势日益减少。[38]Macdessi J, Oates RK. Clinical diagnosis of pyloric stenosis: a declining art. BMJ. 1993;306:553-555.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1677170/pdf/bmj00009-0027.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8461768?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Poon TS, Zhang AL, Cartmill T, et al. Changing patterns of diagnosis and treatment of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: a clinical audit of 303 patients. J Pediatr Surg. 1996;31:1611-1615.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8986971?tool=bestpractice.com
实验室评估
所有疑似病例均应实行电解质检查;常见结果包括低钾血症、低氯血症和长期呕吐导致的代谢性碱中毒。电解质异常程度取决于就诊前症状的持续时间。[40]Touloukian RJ, Higgins E. The spectrum of serum electrolytes in hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. J Pediatr Surg. 1983;18:394-397.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6620080?tool=bestpractice.com由于更早进行诊断,现在更较少婴儿有典型结果。[37]Hulka F, Campbell TJ, Campbell JR, et al. Evolution in the recognition of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Pediatrics, 1997;100:E9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9233980?tool=bestpractice.com
影像学检查
超声检查是用于诊断的最常用研究。据报告,超声诊断幽门狭窄的敏感度为 97%~99%。[5]Stunden RJ, LeQuesne GW, Little K. The improved ultrasound diagnosis of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Pediatr Radiol. 1986;16:200-205.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3517794?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Neilson D, Hollman AS. The ultrasonic diagnosis of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: technique and accuracy. Clin Radiol. 1994;49:246-247.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8162680?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Hernanz-Schulman M, Sells LL, Ambrosino MM, et al. Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in the infant without a palpable olive: accuracy of sonographic diagnosis. Radiology. 1994;193:771-776.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7972822?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Tunell WP, Wilson DA. Pyloric stenosis: diagnosis by real time sonography, the pyloric muscle length method. J Pediatr Surg. 1984;19:795-799.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6394734?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Iqbal CW, Rivard DC, Mortellaro VE, et al. Evaluation of ultrasonographic parameters in the diagnosis of pyloric stenosis relative to patient age and size. J Pediatr Surg. 2012;47:1542-1547.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22901914?tool=bestpractice.com幽门肌肉厚度 > 4 mm,幽门通道长度 > 17 mm 为足月儿的超声诊断标准。[10]Lamki N, Athey PA, Round ME, et al. Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in the neonate - diagnostic criteria revisited. Can Assoc Radiol J. 1993;44:21-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8425150?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 幽门超声。<1> 间隔:长度;<2> 间隔:肌肉宽度来自 Jeffrey S. Upperman 博士的著作集;获准使用 [Citation ends].超声还可以进行幽门通道功能实时检查。患者会呈现异常流动和蠕动。
上消化道造影研究在幽门狭窄诊断中已有描述。阳性上消化道造影研究显示狭窄幽门导致一细条造影剂(线样征)。然而,这可能导致进一步的呕吐并增加误吸风险。幽门狭窄诊断中,不建议使用此研究。