对此病症的主要治疗目标是对缩窄部位进行完全修复,并尽可能降低并发症和跨狭窄部分无压力阶差。 修复形式取决于患者的诊断年龄和缩窄的严重程度。 对于主动脉缩窄症的治疗,目前临床上无明确证据表明外科或导管治疗谁更具优势。[17]Pádua LM, Garcia LC, Rubira CJ, et al. Stent placement versus surgery for coarctation of the thoracic aorta. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 May 16;(5):CD008204.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008204.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22592728?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Forbes TJ, Kim DW, Du W, et al; CCISC Investigators. Comparison of surgical, stent, and balloon angioplasty treatment of native coarctation of the aorta: an observational study by the CCISC (Congenital Cardiovascular Interventional Study Consortium). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Dec 13;58(25):2664-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22152954?tool=bestpractice.com
危险缩窄
应给予有危险缩窄的新生儿前列地尔(前列腺素 E1)给药治疗,以保持其动脉导管开放。 新生儿患者用外科修复的方法要优于经导管修复治疗,因为所需的再次干预治疗较少。[19]Fiore AC, Fischer LK, Schwartz T, et al. Comparison of angioplasty and surgery for neonatal aortic coarctation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005 Nov;80(5):1659-64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16242435?tool=bestpractice.com
外科修复术
为预防长期高血压带来的并发症,确诊后应对缩窄部位进行修复。 紧急修复指征为 CHF、收缩期高血压或者多普勒超声心动图或导管插入术提示跨主动脉缩窄部位的峰值压力阶差>20 mmHg。[5]Erbel R, Aboyans V, Boileau C, et al; Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Aortic Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). 2014 ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of aortic diseases: document covering acute and chronic aortic diseases of the thoracic and abdominal aorta of the adult. Eur Heart J. 2014 Nov 1;35(41):2873-926.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/41/2873.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25173340?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Abbruzzese PA, Aidala E. Aortic coarctation: an overview. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2007 Feb;8(2):123-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17299295?tool=bestpractice.com
有多种外科治疗方法可以选择,具体取决于狭窄段的长度。
1. 较短的狭窄段
可通过扩大范围的端端吻合术对狭窄段进行切除。[20]Wright GE, Nowak CA, Goldberg CS, et al. Extended resection and end-to-end anastomosis for aortic coarctation in infants: results of a tailored surgical approach. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005 Oct;80(4):1453-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16181886?tool=bestpractice.com
2. 中等长度狭窄段
可能需要用补片填充或锁骨下皮瓣成形术的方式来进行更为广泛的弓部重建,即左锁骨下动脉以皮瓣的方式被移入弓部以增宽狭窄部分。 虽然锁骨下皮瓣成形术明显影响左上肢的发育并且长期死亡率较高,但单中心队列研究发现,接受修复的患者长期随访未观察到给患者带来生活受限。[21]Pandey R, Jackson M, Ajab S, et al. Subclavian flap repair: review of 399 patients at median follow-up of fourteen years. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006 Apr;81(4):1420-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16564285?tool=bestpractice.com
3. 较长的狭窄段(罕见)
如果根据患者的个体状况及其解剖学结构选择非常得当的外科治疗方法,其残留狭窄率或再次缩窄率约为 6%。[20]Wright GE, Nowak CA, Goldberg CS, et al. Extended resection and end-to-end anastomosis for aortic coarctation in infants: results of a tailored surgical approach. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005 Oct;80(4):1453-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16181886?tool=bestpractice.com
据研究,由外科修复带来的死亡较为罕见,同时此种修复方法可对高血压有显著疗效。[22]Vohra HA, Adamson L, Haw MP. Does surgical correction of coarctation of the aorta in adults reduce established hypertension? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2009 Jan;8(1):123-7.http://icvts.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/8/1/123http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18805893?tool=bestpractice.com 外科手术给患者带来并发症不常见,包括术后高血压、喉返神经和膈神经损伤、长期再缩窄和罕见的合并侧支循环不充分的下身截瘫。 在外科修复中,使用左心房降主动脉心肺旁路的方法可对侧支循环不充分的患者脊髓起到保护作用。[23]Backer CL, Stewart RD, Kelle AM, et al. Use of partial cardiopulmonary bypass for coarctation repair through a left thoracotomy in children without collaterals. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006 Sep;82(3):964-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16928517?tool=bestpractice.com
经皮修复
对于有非连续性狭窄的儿童和成人患者,可行有或无支架置入的经皮球囊血管成形术的治疗方法来替代外科手术。[24]Shah L, Hijazi Z, Sandhu S, et al. Use of endovascular stents for the treatment of coarctation of the aorta in children and adults: immediate and midterm results. J Invasive Cardiol. 2005 Nov;17(11):614-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16264209?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Mahadevan VS, Vondermuhll IF, Mullen MJ. Endovascular aortic coarctation stenting in adolescents and adults: angiographic and hemodynamic outcomes. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2006 Feb;67(2):268-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16400666?tool=bestpractice.com[26]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Balloon angioplasty with or without stenting for coarctation or recoarctation of the aorta in adults and children. July 2004 [internet publication].http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg74 在修复主动脉缩窄方面,经皮支架植入术的成功率为 98%。[27]Golden AB, Hellenbrand WE. Coarctation of the aorta: stenting in children and adults. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2007 Feb 1;69(2):289-99.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17191237?tool=bestpractice.com 有些作者认为球囊血管成形术的方法要优于外科手术,但此种说法具有较大的争议性。[28]Wong D, Benson LN, Van Arsdell GS, et al. Balloon angioplasty is preferred to surgery for aortic coarctation. Cardiol Young. 2008 Feb;18(1):79-88.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18205970?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Hu ZP, Wang ZW, Dai XF, et al. Outcomes of surgical versus balloon angioplasty treatment for native coarctation of the aorta: a meta-analysis. Ann Vasc Surg. 2014 Feb;28(2):394-403.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24200137?tool=bestpractice.com
对于大龄儿童,一些作者认为经皮支架植入术可能要优于单独使用球囊血管成形术,因为此种方法可降低再次狭窄的几率和主动脉壁异常的发生率。[30]Pedra CA, Fontes VF, Esteves CA, et al. Stenting vs. balloon angioplasty for discrete unoperated coarctation of the aorta in adolescents and adults. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2005 Apr;64(4):495-506.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15789379?tool=bestpractice.com
支架植入术并发症的总发生率约为 12%,其中包括与股动脉穿刺相关的并发症、动脉瘤的形成、主动脉夹层和卒中。[27]Golden AB, Hellenbrand WE. Coarctation of the aorta: stenting in children and adults. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2007 Feb 1;69(2):289-99.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17191237?tool=bestpractice.com
对于<1 岁的儿童,一般不推荐使用经皮修复的治疗方法,因其复发率较高。 此外,患者的体型和婴幼儿期身材变化快,限制了支架置入术的使用。
复发性缩窄
与外科修复相比,支架植入术有较高的再狭窄几率。[31]Carr JA. The results of catheter-based therapy compared with surgical repair of adult aortic coarctation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 Mar 21;47(6):1101-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16545637?tool=bestpractice.com
复发性缩窄采用球囊血管成形术治疗。