细胞毒性药物
由于细胞毒性药物能够靶向损伤快速分裂的细胞的特性,常用来治疗肿瘤。常用药物如阿霉素,达卡巴嗪,羟基尿,[50]Weston GJ, Martin AJ, Mufti GJ, et al. Hydroxyurea treatment of meningiomas: a pilot study. Skull Base. 2006;16:157-160.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1586172/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17268588?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Newton HB, Slivka MA, Stevens C. Hydroxyurea chemotherapy for unresectable or residual meningioma. J Neurooncol. 2000;49:165-170.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11206012?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Newton HB, Scott SR, Volpi C. Hydroxyurea chemotherapy for meningiomas: enlarged cohort with extended follow-up. Br J Neurosurg. 2004;18:495-499.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15799152?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Loven D, Hardoff R, Sever ZB, et al. Non-resectable slow-growing meningiomas treated by hydroxyurea. J Neurooncol. 2004;67:221-226.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15072471?tool=bestpractice.com 异环磷酰胺、伊立替康,[54]Gupta V, Su YS, Samuelson CG, et al. Irinotecan: a potential new chemotherapeutic agent for atypical or malignant meningiomas. J Neurosurg. 2007;106:455-462.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17367069?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Chamberlain MC, Tsao-Wei DD, Groshen S. Salvage chemotherapy with CPT-11 for recurrent meningioma. J Neurooncol. 2006;78:271-276.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16628476?tool=bestpractice.com以及替莫唑胺[56]de Robles P, McIntyre J, Kalra S, et al. Methylation status of MGMT gene promoter in meningiomas. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2008;187:25-27.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18992637?tool=bestpractice.com已经开始了脑膜瘤的试验性治疗;但是试验的整体结果并不理想。[57]Sherman WJ, Raizer JJ. Chemotherapy: What is its role in meningioma? Expert Rev Neurother. 2012;12:1189-1196.http://informahealthcare.com/doi/full/10.1586/ern.12.108http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23082735?tool=bestpractice.com尽管如此,研究依然继续,曲贝替定,一个新的药物,在一些细胞研究中发现具有抑制肿瘤作用。[58]Preusser M, Spiegl-Kreinecker S, Lötsch D, et al. Trabectedin has promising antineoplastic activity in high-grade meningioma. Cancer. 2012;118:5038-5049.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.27460/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22392434?tool=bestpractice.com药物的作用机制尚不明确;可能是通过影响DNA的结合蛋白而起作用。在细胞实验中,曲贝替定可以抑制细胞周期,诱导凋亡。[58]Preusser M, Spiegl-Kreinecker S, Lötsch D, et al. Trabectedin has promising antineoplastic activity in high-grade meningioma. Cancer. 2012;118:5038-5049.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.27460/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22392434?tool=bestpractice.com基于以上结果,对于1例间变性脑膜瘤患者给予药物治疗。这例患者用药后出现了影像学的稳定,脑水肿减轻,症状缓解。但是由于药物的副作用如双下肢水肿和黏膜炎,经过5个治疗周期后,治疗停止。[58]Preusser M, Spiegl-Kreinecker S, Lötsch D, et al. Trabectedin has promising antineoplastic activity in high-grade meningioma. Cancer. 2012;118:5038-5049.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.27460/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22392434?tool=bestpractice.com
激素治疗
脑膜瘤表达雌激素及黄体酮受体并且在组织培养中对于激素治疗有反应。良性脑膜瘤常表达黄体酮受体,少数表达雌激素受体。一项用米非司酮治疗不可切除的脑膜瘤的双盲随机 II 期临床试验显示患者对该药的耐受性良好,但是该药对于无复发或总生存期无影响。[59]Ji Y, Rankin C, Grunberg S, et al. Double-blind phase III randomized trial of the antiprogestin agent mifepristone in the treatment of unresectable meningioma: SWOG S9005. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:4093-4098.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26527781?tool=bestpractice.com除了米非司酮外,也用了他莫昔芬,但是有关该药的有效性的资料有限。虽然雌激素受体表达相对较少,已证实三苯氧胺可以使得肿瘤稳定,并且在一系列的复发脑膜瘤患者中有效果。[60]Goodwin JW, Crowley J, Eyre HJ, et al. A Phase II evaluation of tamoxifen in unresectable or refractory meningiomas: a Southwest Oncology Group study. J Neurooncol. 1993;15:75-77.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8455065?tool=bestpractice.com由于脑膜瘤广泛表达生长激素,生长激素抑制剂(培维索孟)以及胰岛素样受体抑制剂(维甲酰酚胺)也得到研究。生长抑素受体也在多数脑膜瘤中表达,因此也可能作为体外研究中抑制脑膜瘤生长的靶点。一些生长抑素受体靶点的试验中也提示少数复发性脑膜瘤患者对于该治疗有反应。[61]Schulz S, Pauli SU, Handel M, et al. Immunohistochemical determination of five somatostatin receptors in meningioma reveals frequent overexpression of somatostatin receptor subtype sst2A. Clin Cancer Res. 2000;6:1865-1874.http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/6/5/1865.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10815909?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Schulz C, Mathieu R, Kunz U, et al. Treatment of unresectable skull base meningiomas with somatostatin analogs. Neurosurg Focus. 2011;30:E11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21529167?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Chamberlain MC, Glantz MJ, Fadul CE. Recurrent meningioma: salvage therapy with long-acting somatostatin analogue. Neurology. 2007;69:969-973.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17785665?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Arena S, Barbieri F, Thellung S, et al. Expression of somatostatin receptor mRNA in human meningiomas and their implication in in vitro antiproliferative activity. J Neurooncol. 2004;66:155-166.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15015781?tool=bestpractice.com 其他药物没有明显疗效。[65]Simó M, Argyriou AA, Macià M, et al. Recurrent high-grade meningioma: a phase II trial with somatostatin analogue therapy. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2014;73:919-923.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24619496?tool=bestpractice.com
干扰素α
干扰素α是一种在体外和体内实验中都具有抑制脑膜瘤细胞生长的免疫疗法。早期一些研究证实在一些未全切的复发脑膜瘤或者恶性脑膜瘤患者应用干扰素α-2b可以使得肿瘤稳定。[66]Kaba SE, DeMonte F, Bruner JM, et al. The treatment of recurrent unresectable and malignant meningiomas with interferon alpha-2B. Neurosurgery. 1997;40:271-275.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9007858?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Koper JW, Zwarthoff EC, Hagemeijer A, et al. Inhibition of the growth of cultured human meningioma cells by recombinant interferon-alpha. Eur J Cancer. 1991;27:416-419.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1828169?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Wober-Bingol C, Wober C, Marosi C, et al. Interferon-alfa-2b for meningioma. Lancet. 1995;345:331.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7837901?tool=bestpractice.com这些研究表明干扰素α可以对快速进展的非典型性和恶性脑膜瘤产生持久的缓解作用,并且提示了对于复发或未全切除脑膜瘤的一种治疗选择。一项 II 期试验证实干扰素α具有很好的耐受性,药效温和,但是并没有患者出现神经影像学的部分或者完全性反应。[69]Chamberlain MC, Glantz MJ. Interferon-alpha for recurrent World Health Organization grade 1 intracranial meningiomas. Cancer. 2008;113:2146-2151.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.23803/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18756531?tool=bestpractice.com
钙通道阻滞剂
许多实验都证实了钙通道阻滞剂,例如维拉帕米,地尔硫䓬对于脑膜瘤生长的抑制作用。另有研究支持这些药物辅助羟基脲治疗。[22]Ragel BT, Couldwell WT, Wurster RD, et al. Chronic suppressive therapy with calcium channel antagonists for refractory meningiomas. Neurosurg Focus. 2007;23:E10.http://thejns.org/doi/full/10.3171/FOC-07/10/E10http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17961034?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Schrell UM, Rittig MG, Anders M, et al. Hydroxyurea for treatment of unresectable and recurrent meningiomas. I. Inhibition of primary human meningioma cells in culture and in meningioma transplants by induction of the apoptotic pathway. J Neurosurg. 1997;86:845-852.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9126901?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Schrell UM, Rittig MG, Anders M, et al. Hydroxyurea for treatment of unresectable and recurrent meningiomas. II. Decrease in the size of meningiomas in patients treated with hydroxyurea. J Neurosurg. 1997;86:840-844.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9126900?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Mason WP, Gentili F, Macdonald DR, et al. Stabilization of disease progression by hydroxyurea in patients with recurrent or unresectable meningioma. J Neurosurg. 2002;97:341-346.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12186462?tool=bestpractice.com
COX-2抑制剂
所有的脑膜里都具有高活性的环氧化酶[12]Ragel BT, Jensen RL, Gillespie DL, et al. Celecoxib inhibits meningioma tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model. Cancer. 2007;109:588-597.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.22441/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17177201?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Ragel BT, Couldwell WT, Wurster RD, et al. Chronic suppressive therapy with calcium channel antagonists for refractory meningiomas. Neurosurg Focus. 2007;23:E10.http://thejns.org/doi/full/10.3171/FOC-07/10/E10http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17961034?tool=bestpractice.com因此脑膜瘤的生长可能会被非选择性的COX抑制剂或者选择性的COX-2抑制剂阻滞。[12]Ragel BT, Jensen RL, Gillespie DL, et al. Celecoxib inhibits meningioma tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model. Cancer. 2007;109:588-597.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.22441/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17177201?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Ragel BT, Couldwell WT, Wurster RD, et al. Chronic suppressive therapy with calcium channel antagonists for refractory meningiomas. Neurosurg Focus. 2007;23:E10.http://thejns.org/doi/full/10.3171/FOC-07/10/E10http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17961034?tool=bestpractice.com目前,关于COX-2抑制剂的实验正在进行当中。
血管内皮细胞生长因子 (VEGF) 抑制剂
脑膜瘤血管丰富,因此血管形成可能是重要的治疗靶点。[71]Machein MR, Plate KH. VEGF in brain tumors. J Neurooncol. 2000;50:109-120.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11245271?tool=bestpractice.com较高的微血管密度常与较差的预后相关,VEGF受体也常常在脑膜瘤中高表达。[72]Preusser M, Hassler M, Birner P, et al. Microvascularization and expression of VEGF and its receptors in recurring meningiomas: pathobiological data in favor of anti-angiogenic therapy approaches. Clin Neuropathol. 2012;31:352-360.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22541785?tool=bestpractice.com一项关于非典型或间变型脑膜瘤应用贝伐单抗的多中心回顾性研究显示有43.8%的患者出现了约6个月的瘤体影像学稳定及脑膜瘤无进展,有3/15的患者出现了非致命性的瘤内血肿。[73]Nayak L, Iwamoto FM, Rudnick JD, et al. Atypical and anaplastic meningiomas treated with bevacizumab. J Neurooncol. 2012;109:187-193.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22544653?tool=bestpractice.com另一项研究证实了1/14患者出现瘤内出血,约86%出现了半年的非进展生存期。[74]Lou E, Sumrall AL, Turner S, et al. Bevacizumab therapy for adults with recurrent/progressive meningioma: a retrospective series. J Neurooncol. 2012;109:63-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3404217/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22535433?tool=bestpractice.com舒尼替尼是一种可以阻滞包括 VEGF 和 PDGFR在内的多种受体的酪氨酸激酶抑制剂。在脑膜瘤细胞实验中舒尼替尼可以产生细胞毒性并且具有抗侵袭作用。[75]Andrae N, Kirches E, Hartig R, et al. Sunitinib targets PDGF-receptor and Flt3 and reduces survival and migration of human meningioma cells. Eur J Cancer. 2012;48:1831-1841.http://www.ejcancer.com/article/S0959-8049(12)00096-2/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22391574?tool=bestpractice.com一项 II期临床试验证实42%的非典型和未分化脑膜瘤患者出现了6个月无进展生存。[76]Kaley TJ, Wen P, Schiff D, et al. Phase II trial of sunitinib for recurrent and progressive atypical and anaplastic meningioma. Neuro Oncol. 2014 Aug 6. [Epub ahead of print.]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25100872?tool=bestpractice.com总体来说,这都证实了药物治疗的巨大前景。