保守治疗和手术治疗
伴有神经功能障碍的胸腰段椎体骨折:
关于手术治疗和非手术治疗对神经功能改善或住院时间长短是否有区别依然存在争议。[96]Clohisy JC, Akbarnia BA, Bucholz RD, et al. Neurologic recovery associated with anterior decompression of spine fractures at the thoracolumbar junction (T12-L1). Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1992;17:S325-S330.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1523520?tool=bestpractice.com[97]Jacobs RR, Asher MA, Snider RK. Thoracolumbar spinal injuries: a comparative study of recumbent and operative treatment in 100 patients. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1980;5:463-477.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7455777?tool=bestpractice.com[98]Tator CH, Duncan EG, Edmonds VE, et al. Comparison of surgical and conservative management in 208 patients with acute spinal cord injury. Can J Neurol Sci. 1987;14:60-69.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3815167?tool=bestpractice.com 其他证据表明,因损伤平面以下运动和感觉完全麻痹而接受保守治疗(体位技术和卧床休息)的患者中,有 29% 在住院期间提高至少 1 级。[99]Frankel HL, Hancock DO, Hyslop G, et al. The value of postural reduction in the initial management of closed injuries of the spine with paraplegia and tetraplegia. I. Paraplegia. 1969 Nov;7(3):179-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5360915?tool=bestpractice.com 如果神经功能受到的影响比较大,则一般建议采用手术治疗,但并没有明确的证据表明两种治疗方法的优劣。[100]Dai LY, Jiang SD, Wang XY, et al. A review of the management of thoracolumbar burst fractures. Surg Neurol. 2007;67:221-231.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17320622?tool=bestpractice.com
没有神经功能障碍的胸腰段椎体骨折:
与非手术治疗相比,对没有神经功能障碍的胸腰椎爆裂性骨折患者进行手术治疗可能会成本更高,并发症的风险也可能更高,但没有足够的证据表明哪一种治疗方法的疼痛或功能预后更佳。[101]Thomas KC, Bailey CS, Dvorak MF, et al. Comparison of operative and nonoperative treatment for thoracolumbar burst fractures in patients without neurological deficit: a systematic review. J Neurosurg Spine. 2006;4:351-358.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16703901?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Gnanenthiran SR, Adie S, Harris IA, et al. Nonoperative versus operative treatment for thoracolumbar burst fractures without neurologic deficit: a meta-analysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470:567-577.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22057820?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Abudou M, Chen X, Kong X, et al. Surgical versus non-surgical treatment for thoracolumbar burst fractures without neurological deficit. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(6):CD005079.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005079.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23740669?tool=bestpractice.com 与非手术处理相比,手术治疗可能改善遗留的脊柱后凸。[102]Gnanenthiran SR, Adie S, Harris IA, et al. Nonoperative versus operative treatment for thoracolumbar burst fractures without neurologic deficit: a meta-analysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470:567-577.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22057820?tool=bestpractice.com
关于运动疗法对骨质疏松性椎体骨折的治疗效果的证据存在不一致,因此需要进一步的研究。[104]Dusdal K, Grundmanis J, Luttin K, et al. Effects of therapeutic exercise for persons with osteoporotic vertebral fractures: a systematic review. Osteoporos Int. 2011;22:755-769.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21161506?tool=bestpractice.com
减压手术
关于早期手术减压对神经功能恢复的作用有不同的证据。[105]Vaccaro AR, Daugherty RJ, Sheehan TP, et al. Neurologic outcome of early versus late surgery for cervical spinal cord injury. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1997 Nov 15;22(22):2609-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9399445?tool=bestpractice.com[106]La Rosa G, Conti A, Cardali S, et al. Does early decompression improve neurological outcome of spinal cord injured patients? Appraisal of the literature using a meta-analytical approach. Spinal Cord. 2004;42:503-512.http://www.nature.com/sc/journal/v42/n9/full/3101627a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15237284?tool=bestpractice.com[107]Fehlings MG, Perrin RG. The timing of surgical intervention in the treatment of spinal cord injury: a systematic review of recent clinical evidence. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006 May 15;31(11 Suppl):S28-36.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16685233?tool=bestpractice.com 但大部分研究表明,如果需要进行手术,尽早手术的效果更佳。 系统回顾表明,与晚期稳定相比,及早稳定胸段骨折可以减少呼吸机的平均使用天数,重症监护和住院天数,以及呼吸系统疾病的发病率。 稳定腰椎骨折的好处不那么显著;只观察到了缩短住院时间的效果。 没有足够的证据确定稳定的时机对胸腰段椎体骨折死亡率的影响。[108]Bellabarba C, Fisher C, Chapman JR, et al. Does early fracture fixation of thoracolumbar spine fractures decrease morbidity or mortality? Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010;35(9 suppl):S138-S145.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20407345?tool=bestpractice.com
急性脊髓损伤研究手术治疗研究(STASCIS) 是一项正在进行的研究。该研究显示,在受伤 24 小时内接受减压手术的患者中有24%的美国脊髓损伤协会(ASIA)评分改善≥2级,而延迟治疗的患者中该比例为4%。 此外,研究人员发现,与晚期手术组相比,早期手术组的并发症(特别是心肺系统和泌尿系统并发症)发病率较低(分别为37.1%和48.6%)。 有证据表明,对于不完全四肢瘫的患者,必须进行紧急闭合复位;对于脊髓损伤后发生神经功能恶化的患者,必须进行紧急减压。
经皮治疗
这种治疗方式可以用于非骨质疏松性骨折,以及骨质疏松性骨折(例如,由于多发性骨髓瘤等肿瘤或骨转移引起的骨折)。
FREE试验的证据表明,1个月后,球囊扩张后凸成形术(KP)比非手术治疗改善生活质量、功能、活动能力和疼痛的效果更好。[109]Wardlaw D, Cummings SR, van Meirhaeghe JV, et al. Efficacy and safety of balloon kyphoplasty compared with non-surgical care for vertebral compression fracture (FREE): a randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;373:1016-1024.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19246088?tool=bestpractice.com 但12个月后两者的差异减少,这是因为非手术组患者的治疗效果随时间而有改善(最可能的原因是骨折愈合)。[109]Wardlaw D, Cummings SR, van Meirhaeghe JV, et al. Efficacy and safety of balloon kyphoplasty compared with non-surgical care for vertebral compression fracture (FREE): a randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;373:1016-1024.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19246088?tool=bestpractice.com
对100例患者的随机对照试验表明,对于椎体成形术(VP)(50例)和后凸成形术(50例),两个组别在6个月时疼痛程度差别不大。 球囊扩张后凸成形术的成本较高,因此,在治疗骨质疏松性脊椎压缩性骨折时,建议优先采用椎体成形术。[110]Liu JT, Liao WJ, Tan WC, et al. Balloon kyphoplasty versus vertebroplasty for treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture: a prospective, comparative, and randomized clinical study. Osteoporos Int. 2010;21:359-364.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19513578?tool=bestpractice.com
进一步的证据表明,椎体成形术和后凸成形术术后 3 年随访发现在缓解疼痛方面的效果类似,[56]Lovi A, Teli M, Ortalina A, et al. Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty: complementary techniques for the treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: a prospective non-randomised study on 154 patients. Eur Spine J. 2009 Jun;18 Suppl 1:95-101.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19437044?tool=bestpractice.com 接受椎体成形术的患者在 1 周时背部疼痛和功能障碍有显著改善(1 年时仍有改善)。[111]Trout AT, Kallmes DF, Gray LA, et al. Evaluation of vertebroplasty with a validated outcome measure: the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26:2652-2657.http://www.ajnr.org/cgi/content/full/26/10/2652http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16286418?tool=bestpractice.com
也有证据表明经皮治疗的疼痛程度不是预后的预测指标;与手术前相比,椎体成形术和后凸成形术后的椎体高度都有显著增加,但与疼痛程度无关。[56]Lovi A, Teli M, Ortalina A, et al. Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty: complementary techniques for the treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: a prospective non-randomised study on 154 patients. Eur Spine J. 2009 Jun;18 Suppl 1:95-101.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19437044?tool=bestpractice.com
在一项针对老年患者的小型(43例)随机试验中,与只采用椎体成形术相比,将椎弓根螺钉内固定作为椎体成形术的补充手段可以显著改善疼痛评分和临床结局(伤残指数),减少脊柱后凸。[112]He D, Wu L, Sheng X, et al. Internal fixation with percutaneous kyphoplasty compared with simple percutaneous kyphoplasty for thoracolumbar burst fractures in elderly patients: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Eur Spine J. 2013;22:2256-2263.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23996046?tool=bestpractice.com 两组之间术后并发症发生率无明显差异。
一项meta分析表明,比较短期内(不超过7天)疼痛缓解情况,椎体成形术比后凸成形术更有效。[113]Han S, Wan S, Ning L, et al. Percutaneous vertebroplasty versus balloon kyphoplasty for treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture: a meta-analysis of randomised and non-randomised controlled trials (provisional abstract). Int Orthop. 2011;9:1349-1358.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21637959?tool=bestpractice.com 后凸成形术对中期(3个月左右)功能改善效果更好。 但在长期疼痛缓解和功能改善方面,两者没有显著差异。 两组之间骨折和骨水泥渗漏的风险类似。
系统评价表明,对于骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折且疼痛难治的患者,与单独依靠非手术止痛相比,椎体成形术和后凸成形术在提高生活质量、减少疼痛和残疾方面优势明显。[114]Stevenson M, Gomersall T, Lloyd Jones M, et al. Percutaneous vertebroplasty and percutaneous balloon kyphoplasty for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral fractures: a systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis. Health Technol Assess. 2014;18:1-290.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK261749/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24650687?tool=bestpractice.com
骨水泥渗漏后神经功能障碍
在经皮椎体成形术后发现骨水泥渗漏的病例报告之后,有文献回顾发现有21例骨水泥渗漏后出现神经功能障碍。[115]Sidhu GS, Kepler CK, Savage KE, et al. Neurological deficit due to cement extravasation following a vertebral augmentation procedure. J Neurosurg Spine. 2013;19:61-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23641675?tool=bestpractice.com 最终,有15例术后缺陷得到了解决,5例神经功能状态得到有限改善,2例无改善。