英国全科医生在 2010 年至 2012 年间的报告显示,每年出现的工作相关皮肤病新增病例数可能在 35,000 例以上。[4]Health and Safety Executive. Work-related skin disease. http://www.hse.gov.uk (last accessed 31 August 2016).http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/causdis/dermatitis据估计,美国 2004 年约有 7,200 万人患有接触性皮炎,每年的总患病率约为 24,400 例/100,000 人。[5]Bickers DR, Lim HW, Margolis D, et al. The burden of skin diseases: 2004 a joint project of the American Academy of Dermatology Association and the Society for Investigative Dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006 Sep;55(3):490-500.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16908356?tool=bestpractice.com2005 年的美国调查显示,职业性皮肤病在全职工人中的发病率为 4.4 例/10,000 人。[6]United States Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics. Workplace injuries and illnesses in 2005. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Labor; 2006.http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/osh/os/osnr0025.pdf在其他国家/地区中,每 10,000 人中约出现 1.3 至 19 例职业性接触性皮炎。[6]United States Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics. Workplace injuries and illnesses in 2005. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Labor; 2006.http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/osh/os/osnr0025.pdf[7]Belsito DV. Occupational contact dermatitis: Etiology, prevalence, and resultant impairment/disability. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005 Aug;53(2):303-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16021126?tool=bestpractice.com在美国,过敏性接触性皮炎 (ACD) 在职业性接触性皮炎病例中所占比例大于刺激性接触性皮炎 (ICD)。[7]Belsito DV. Occupational contact dermatitis: Etiology, prevalence, and resultant impairment/disability. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005 Aug;53(2):303-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16021126?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Rietschel RL, Mathias CG, Taylor JS, et al. A preliminary report of the occupation of patients evaluated in patch test clinics. Am J Contact Dermat. 2001 Jun;12(2):72-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11381341?tool=bestpractice.com
ACD 可影响多达 20% 的儿童。罕见于刚出生数月的婴儿,但患病率随年龄增加。[3]Militello G, Jacob SE, Crawford GH. Allergic contact dermatitis in children. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2006 Aug;18(4):385-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16914992?tool=bestpractice.com儿童可能更易患 ICD,尤其是那些皮肤屏障功能受损(例如患有湿疹)的儿童。[7]Belsito DV. Occupational contact dermatitis: Etiology, prevalence, and resultant impairment/disability. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005 Aug;53(2):303-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16021126?tool=bestpractice.com老人对变应原的敏感率下降。[9]Robinson MK. Population differences in skin structure and physiology and the susceptibility to irritant and allergic contact dermatitis: implications for skin safety testing and risk assessment. Contact Dermatitis. 1999 Aug;41(2):65-79.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10445685?tool=bestpractice.com
性别差异可能由社会和环境因素导致;由于女性佩戴珠宝的比例更高,因此其出现镍过敏的可能性也更高,而男性由于职业性暴露则更可能出现铬酸盐过敏。[10]Ruff CA, Belsito DV. The impact of various patient factors on contact allergy to nickel, cobalt, and chromate. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55:32-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16781289?tool=bestpractice.com
黑人不容易对较弱的变应原过敏且 ICD 发病率较低,这是由于他们的角质层脂质成分更紧实,提供了更强的屏障功能。[9]Robinson MK. Population differences in skin structure and physiology and the susceptibility to irritant and allergic contact dermatitis: implications for skin safety testing and risk assessment. Contact Dermatitis. 1999 Aug;41(2):65-79.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10445685?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Astner S, Burnett N, Rius-Diaz F, et al. Irritant contact dermatitis induced by a common household irritant: a noninvasive evaluation of ethnic variability in skin response. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006 Mar;54(3):458-65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16488297?tool=bestpractice.com
一项研究证明,在欧洲一般人群中,有 27% 的人群对欧洲标准变应原系列中的至少一种变应原过敏,这提示应当加强各种措施,以改善对接触性变应原的初级预防。[12]Diepgen TL, Ofenloch RF, Bruze M, et al. Prevalence of contact allergy in the general population in different European regions. Br J Dermatol. 2016 Feb;174(2):319-29.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjd.14167/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26370659?tool=bestpractice.com