高危职业或 > 1 次血栓事件
对于有 1 次以上 TIA 或 CVA 事件或从事深海潜水等高危职业的患者,通常建议采取抗血小板或抗凝疗法,预防复发性事件。对尽管接受内科治疗但仍出现复发性 DVT 和复发性隐源性卒中的特定病例[21]Kernan WN, Ovbiagele B, Black HR, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2014;45:2160-1236.http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/45/7/2160.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24788967?tool=bestpractice.com、职业潜水员以及深潜时有减压病症状的患者,应根据具体情况考虑是否进行 PFO 经皮封堵术。[25]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale for the secondary prevention of recurrent paradoxical embolism in divers. December 2010. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ (last accessed 20 September 2016).https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg371目前,不建议对隐源性卒中患者常规采用经皮封堵术。[21]Kernan WN, Ovbiagele B, Black HR, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2014;45:2160-1236.http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/45/7/2160.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24788967?tool=bestpractice.com如果 PFO 是在因搭桥手术或心脏瓣膜手术等其他适应症而进行的开放式心脏手术中发现的,则应采用开放式手术(进行修补)。
经静脉通路在房间隔处放置永久性双伞封堵器,封堵 PFO。将封堵器的一侧伞放置于左心房,另一侧伞放置于右心房。目前可用的封堵器包括 Amplatzer (AGA) PFO 封堵器,Starflex(NMT 医疗)封堵器、Premere (St. Jude)、PFO STAR (Cardia) 及 Helex (Gore)。对现有封堵器进行比较的数据有限,但是研究表明 Amplatzer 封堵器性能较优。[26]Hornung M, Bertog SC, Franke J, et al. Long-term results of a randomized trial comparing three different devices for percutaneous closure of a patent foramen ovale. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:3362-3369.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/34/43/3362.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23842846?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Li Y, Zhou K, Hua Y, et al. Amplatzer occluder versus CardioSEAL/STARFlex occluder: a meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of transcatheter occlusion for patent foramen ovale and atrial septal defect. Cardiol Young. 2013;23:582-596.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23199453?tool=bestpractice.com
这些封堵器经静脉(通常是股静脉)导入。然后以折叠的状态放置在输送鞘内向前输送,并通过房间隔。逐步将输送鞘抽回,封堵器的左心房侧则自行张开。将整个封堵器向回拉,直到封堵器的左心房侧堵在房间隔上。随后进一步拉回输送鞘,露出右心房侧盘,该盘也自行张开。一旦通过 X 光和超声准确定位,则将封堵器导管轴与封堵器分离或从封堵器上拧下,然后从身体中撤出,将封堵器留在缺损位置。
该疗法尚未得到美国食品药品监督管理局 (FDA) 批准。FDA 授予了这些封堵器“人道主义设备豁免”(HDE) 资格,但当这些设备的使用超出了预定数量时,又撤回了 HDE 资格。[28]Slottow TL, Steinberg DH, Waksman R. Overview of the 2007 Food and Drug Administration Circulatory System Devices Panel Meeting on patent foramen ovale closure devices. Circulation. 2007;116:677-682.http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/116/6/677http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17679629?tool=bestpractice.com需要药物治疗与器械治疗比较的随机试验数据,[29]O'Gara PT, Messe SR, Tuzcu EM, et al. Percutaneous device closure of patent foramen ovale for secondary stroke prevention: a call for completion of randomized clinical trials: a science advisory from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association and the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation. 2009;119:2743-2747.http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/119/20/2743http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19433754?tool=bestpractice.com但试验入组情况较差。对观察性研究的回顾显示了采用器械封堵术的益处,但是针对 900 多名患者开展的随机 CLOSURE 1 研究结果却未能显示最佳内科治疗和器械封堵术之间存在研究终点的差异。[30]Kitsios GD, Dahabreh IJ, Abu Dabrh AM, et al. Patent foramen ovale closure and medical treatments for secondary stroke prevention: a systematic review of observational and randomized evidence. Stroke. 2012;43:422-431.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22180252?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Furlan AJ, Reisman M, Massaro J, et al. Closure or medical therapy for cryptogenic stroke with patent foramen ovale. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:991-999.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22417252?tool=bestpractice.com但是它确实证明了安全性。一项随机对照试验显示,内科治疗与 Amplatzer 器械封堵无差异。[32]Meier B, Kalesan B, Mattle HP, et al. Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic embolism. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1083-1091.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23514285?tool=bestpractice.com观察性研究表明,对于接受药物治疗的患者,抗凝治疗可能比抗血小板治疗更佳。[31]Furlan AJ, Reisman M, Massaro J, et al. Closure or medical therapy for cryptogenic stroke with patent foramen ovale. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:991-999.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22417252?tool=bestpractice.com还有一些数据表明,对于接受器械封堵术治疗的患者,其心房颤动发病率可能会下降,[33]Jarral OA, Saso S, Vecht JA, et al. Does patent foramen ovale closure have an anti-arrhythmic effect? A meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2011;153:4-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21420189?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Khan AR, Bin Abdulhak AA, Sheikh MA, et al. Device closure of patent foramen ovale versus medical therapy in cryptogenic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2013;6:1316-1323.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24139929?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Kitsios GD, Thaler DE, Kent DM. Potentially large yet uncertain benefits: a meta-analysis of patent foramen ovale closure trials. Stroke. 2013;44:2640-2643.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23868270?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Ntaios G, Papavasileiou V, Makaritsis K, et al. PFO closure vs. medical therapy in cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2013;169:101-105.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24041984?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Wolfrum M, Froehlich GM, Knapp G, et al. Stroke prevention by percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart. 2014;100:389-395.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23793373?tool=bestpractice.com而汇总分析提示,心房颤动的风险增加。[38]Li J, Liu J, Liu M, Zhang S, et al. Closure versus medical therapy for preventing recurrent stroke in patients with patent foramen ovale and a history of cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(9):CD009938.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009938.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26346232?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Kent DM, Dahabreh IJ, Ruthazer R, et al. Device closure of patent foramen ovale after stroke: pooled analysis of completed randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:907-917.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26916479?tool=bestpractice.com
手术封堵之前,建议进行抗凝或抗血小板治疗。经皮器械封堵术成功之后,需继续使用抗血小板药物至少 3 个月。两项研究比较了 PFO 的药物治疗与经皮封堵术。在一项试验中,与内科治疗相比,用于隐源性栓塞二级预防的 PFO 经皮封堵术并未导致复发性栓子事件或死亡风险显著下降。[32]Meier B, Kalesan B, Mattle HP, et al. Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic embolism. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1083-1091.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23514285?tool=bestpractice.com在另一项试验中,患者随机接受内科治疗或 Amplatz 器械经皮封堵术。虽然封堵术组中的不良事件较少,但基于意向治疗分析,该研究未能满足进行主要终点分析的要求,可能是因为内科治疗组的脱落率较高。按研究方案对患者进行的分析显示,与药物治疗组相比,经皮封堵术组中事件显著减少。[40]Carroll JD, Saver JL, Thaler DE, et al. Closure of patent foramen ovale versus medical therapy after cryptogenic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1092-1100.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23514286?tool=bestpractice.com