临床研究未能将症状与临床表现关联起来。[24]Lemp MA. Advances in understanding and managing dry eye disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;146:350-356.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18599017?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Schein O, Tielsch J, Munoz B, et al. Relation between signs and symptoms of dry eye in the elderly. Ophthalmology. 1997;104:1395-1400.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9307632?tool=bestpractice.com这意味着一些患者受到症状的巨大困扰但是在检查时有极少的阳性体征,并且更令人担心的是,一些患者相对而言没有症状但是有严重的损害。诊断干眼症需要详细询问病史、清晰的记录、眼科专家主导的检查和各种诊断测试。[26]International Dry Eye Workshop. Methodologies to diagnose and monitor dry eye disease: report of the Diagnostic Methodology Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007). Ocul Surf. 2007;5:108-152.http://www.tearfilm.org/dewsreporthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17508118?tool=bestpractice.com
如果病史提示潜在的全身性病因,则记录全身性体征并转诊至适当的专家处非常重要。
疾病史
患者可能主诉各种各样的症状,包括眼部刺激、异物感、烧灼感、畏光、泪液过多以及暂时性视力模糊。
相关社会因素、职业因素(例如使用计算机屏幕)和环境因素(例如天气)是重要的考虑方面。[1]International Dry Eye Workshop. The definition and classification of dry eye disease: report of the Definition and Classification Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye Workshop (2007). Ocul Surf. 2007;5:75-93.http://www.tearfilm.org/dewsreporthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17508116?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Perry HD. Dry eye disease: pathophysiology, classification, and diagnosis. Am J Manag Care. 2008;14(suppl):S79-S87.http://www.ajmc.com/publications/supplement/2008/2008-04-vol14-n3suppl/apr08-3141ps079-s087http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18452371?tool=bestpractice.com
记录以下信息也非常重要:症状持续时间、用药史(例如口服避孕药、激素替代疗法、抗组胺药、β受体阻滞剂、抗胆碱能药、利尿剂、精神药物、类视黄醇类药物、局部眼用药物);[1]International Dry Eye Workshop. The definition and classification of dry eye disease: report of the Definition and Classification Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye Workshop (2007). Ocul Surf. 2007;5:75-93.http://www.tearfilm.org/dewsreporthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17508116?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Perry HD. Dry eye disease: pathophysiology, classification, and diagnosis. Am J Manag Care. 2008;14(suppl):S79-S87.http://www.ajmc.com/publications/supplement/2008/2008-04-vol14-n3suppl/apr08-3141ps079-s087http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18452371?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Schaumberg DA, Buring JE, Sullivan DA, et al. Hormone replacement therapy and dry eye syndrome. JAMA. 2001;286:2114-2119.http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/286/17/2114http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11694152?tool=bestpractice.com全身性疾病(例如 Sjogren 综合征、类风湿关节炎、系统性红斑狼疮、系统性硬化/硬皮病、混合性结缔组织病、结节病、糖尿病、帕金森病、HIV、丙型肝炎、维生素 A 缺乏);[1]International Dry Eye Workshop. The definition and classification of dry eye disease: report of the Definition and Classification Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye Workshop (2007). Ocul Surf. 2007;5:75-93.http://www.tearfilm.org/dewsreporthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17508116?tool=bestpractice.com[2]International Dry Eye Workshop. The epidemiology of dry eye disease: report of the Epidemiology Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007). Ocul Surf. 2007;5:93-107.http://www.tearfilm.org/dewsreporthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17508117?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Tamer C, Melek IM, Duman T, et al. Tear film tests in Parkinson's disease patients. Ophthalmology. 2005;112:1795.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16095705?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Jacobi C, Wenkel H, Jacobi A, et al. Hepatitis C and ocular surface disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;144:705-711.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17870047?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Chronister CL. Review of external ocular disease associated with aids and HIV infection. Optom Vis Sci. 1996;73:225-230.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8728488?tool=bestpractice.com造血干细胞移植史;[20]Ogawa Y, Okamoto S, Wakui M, et al. Dry eye after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Br J Ophthalmol. 1999;83:1125-1130.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=10502571http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10502571?tool=bestpractice.com以及既往眼部病史(包括特定危险因素,如隐形眼镜的使用、既往眼睑手术、既往眼部激光手术、睑缘炎/睑板腺炎,以及过敏性结膜炎)。[1]International Dry Eye Workshop. The definition and classification of dry eye disease: report of the Definition and Classification Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye Workshop (2007). Ocul Surf. 2007;5:75-93.http://www.tearfilm.org/dewsreporthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17508116?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Nichols JJ, Sinnott LT. Tear film, contact lens, and patient-related factors associated with contact lens-related dry eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47:1319-1328.http://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2203026http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16565363?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Quinto GG, Camacho W, Behrens A. Postrefractive surgery dry eye. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2008;19:335-341.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18545018?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Feng YF, Yu JG, Shi JL, et al. Meta analysis of randomized controlled clinical trial in the effect of hinge location on dry eye syndrome after LASIK. Zhonghua Shiyan Yanke Zazhi/Chinese Journal of Experimental Ophthalmology. 2012;30:847-852.[25]Schein O, Tielsch J, Munoz B, et al. Relation between signs and symptoms of dry eye in the elderly. Ophthalmology. 1997;104:1395-1400.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9307632?tool=bestpractice.com
老龄和女性性别也是已确认的危险因素。[1]International Dry Eye Workshop. The definition and classification of dry eye disease: report of the Definition and Classification Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye Workshop (2007). Ocul Surf. 2007;5:75-93.http://www.tearfilm.org/dewsreporthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17508116?tool=bestpractice.com[2]International Dry Eye Workshop. The epidemiology of dry eye disease: report of the Epidemiology Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007). Ocul Surf. 2007;5:93-107.http://www.tearfilm.org/dewsreporthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17508117?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Schaumberg DA, Sullivan DA, Buring JE, et al. Prevalence of dry eye syndrome among US women. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;136:318-326.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12888056?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BE. Prevalence of and risk factors for dry eye syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118:1264-1268.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10980773?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Damato BE, Allan D, Murray SB, et al. Senile atrophy of the human lacrimal gland: the contribution of chronic inflammatory disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 1984;68:674-680.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=6331845http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6331845?tool=bestpractice.com
查体
初始体格检查包括评估眼睑位置和睫毛。记录是否出现睑裂闭合不全(不能完全闭合睑裂)和眼球突出非常重要。如果存在这些特征,则需要进一步检查和研究,以确定潜在的病因。检查可以显示其他异常,如过敏性角膜结膜炎。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 过敏性(春季)角膜结膜炎Jonathan Smith 医生和 Philip Severn 医生的私人收藏;获准使用 [Citation ends].仔细检查睫毛根部可能会发现蠕形螨,这可能会导致眼部刺激和难治性干眼症。睑缘检查有助于排除前部和/或后部睑缘炎/睑板腺炎。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 睑缘炎Jonathan Smith 医生和 Philip Severn 医生的私人收藏;获准使用 [Citation ends].
眼表裂隙灯检查(使用 2% 荧光素、虎红或丽丝胺绿)十分重要,并且作为体格检查的一部分进行。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 干眼症(虎红染色)Jonathan Smith 医生和 Philip Severn 医生的私人收藏;获准使用 [Citation ends].存在分级体系,用于量化干眼症严重性的相关染色程度。[26]International Dry Eye Workshop. Methodologies to diagnose and monitor dry eye disease: report of the Diagnostic Methodology Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007). Ocul Surf. 2007;5:108-152.http://www.tearfilm.org/dewsreporthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17508118?tool=bestpractice.com裂隙灯检查也用于评估泪膜异常,包括黏液丝、碎片和泡沫。还可使用裂隙灯检查测量泪河高度(评估泪液体积)和泪膜破裂时间(评估泪膜稳定性)。
其他检查:
Schirmer 试验评估水液性泪液的生成,需要将 Schirmer 试条留在闭合的眼睛内 5 分钟。该试验在麻醉或无麻醉状态下进行均可。在麻醉状态下进行时,测量的是基础分泌。在无麻醉状态下进行时,测量的是总分泌(即反射性分泌和基础分泌)。有时无麻醉试验会被用作 Sjogren 综合征诊断标准的一部分。
泪膜渗透压测定法是一种测量泪膜渗透压的新兴试验。它并未广泛应用,并且在科学研究中比在临床实践中更常用。[26]International Dry Eye Workshop. Methodologies to diagnose and monitor dry eye disease: report of the Diagnostic Methodology Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007). Ocul Surf. 2007;5:108-152.http://www.tearfilm.org/dewsreporthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17508118?tool=bestpractice.com其他新兴试验包括金属蛋白酶-9 (MMP-9) 检测、角膜地形图和眼表干涉测量。