小且无症状翼状胬肉不需要治疗。应该建议患者配戴高质量的太阳镜和宽沿帽子以保护他们的眼睛免受紫外线照射。
症状治疗
如果患者有眼部刺激征,烧灼感,或瘙痒,可局部使用人工眼泪缓解。如果这些症状与翼状胬肉的炎症有关,可在眼科医师的监督下局部使用糖皮质激素如0.1%氟甲龙。
手术治疗的适应症包括:
严重的眼部刺激症状药物治疗不缓解
影响眼部美观
翼状胬肉引起散光或累及视轴造成视力下降
胬肉持续进展,可以假定最终有损害视力的可能
中等程度复视或内直肌受累
手术前,必须确保眼部病变是一个真正的翼状胬肉,而不是一个临床表现相似的假性胬肉。需要对患者进行仔细的术前讲解,尽管翼状胬肉手术通常是成功的,但眼部刺激症状和烧灼感可能在术后不能完全缓解,对于术后眼部持续发红和遗有深层角膜瘢痕的患者来说,手术可能只改善部分眼部美观问题。此外,需要告知患者,手术切除后翼状胬肉复发的现象并不罕见,也可能会加速其生长。由于上述原因,对于较小的翼状胬肉或仅引起美观问题的翼状胬肉患者一般不建议手术治疗。
虽然手术方法有多种,但应强调一点,没有一种方法是百分之百成功的。
手术技巧
简单切除
通常可以简单地使用手术镊常规地在角膜上皮下剪切翼状胬肉的头部和体部,暴露浅层巩膜。如果粘连,可以小心地进行表浅的解剖分离。虽然这样的手术很简单并可以快速地完成,但已有报道:简单切除术后复发率较高(>33%)。[14]Youngson RM. Recurrence of pterygium after excision. Br J Ophthalmol. 1972;56:120-125.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5010313?tool=bestpractice.com
翼状胬肉头部转位术
自体球结膜移植术
这是最常用的一种手术方法,包括翼状胬肉切除以及在裸露的巩膜区上方和/或下方表面覆盖一个旋转的结膜瓣或选取一个游离且条件较好的球结膜移植物,覆盖于裸露的巩膜区域。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 眼部翼状胬肉切除和结膜自体移植术后1天由 David O'Brart 医生提供;经获准使用 [Citation ends].移植物不仅可以覆盖裸露的巩膜区,它还被认为可以防止复发。报道的结膜自体移植术后的复发率鼓舞人心(介于 5% 和 15% 之间),[14]Youngson RM. Recurrence of pterygium after excision. Br J Ophthalmol. 1972;56:120-125.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5010313?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Allan BD, Short P, Crawford GJ, et al. Pterygium excision with conjunctival autografting: an effective and safe technique. Br J Ophthalmol. 1993;77:698-701.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8280682?tool=bestpractice.com研究表明移植物内包含角膜缘组织会使复发率更低。[16]Al Fayez MF. Limbal versus conjunctival autograft transplantation for advanced and recurrent pterygium. Ophthalmology. 2002;109:1752-1755.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12208727?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Zheng K, Cai J, Jhanji V, et al. Comparison of pterygium recurrence rates after limbal conjunctival autograft transplantation and other techniques: meta-analysis. Cornea. 2012;31:1422-1427.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22643650?tool=bestpractice.com已有证据表明使用纤维蛋白粘合剂代替缝合线不仅可以减少手术时间,而且还可提高术后患者舒适感。[18]Ozdamar Y, Mutevelli S, Han U, et al. A comparative study of tissue glue and vicryl suture for closing limbal conjunctival autografts and histologic evaluation after pterygium excision. Cornea. 2008;27:552-558.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18520504?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Ratnalingham V, Eu AL, Ng GL, et al. Fibrin adhesive is better than sutures in pterygium surgery. Cornea. 2010;29:485-489.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20308876?tool=bestpractice.commeta 分析表明它可能会减少复发率。[20]Shi YJ, Yan ZG, Yue HY, et al. Meta-analysis of fibrin glue for attaching conjunctival autografts in pterygium surgery. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi. 2011;47:550-554.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21914272?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Pan HW, Zhong JX, Jing CX. Comparison of fibrin glue versus suture for conjunctival autografting in pterygium surgery: a meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 2011;118:1049-1054.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21292327?tool=bestpractice.com
羊膜移植术
使用羊膜而并非结膜覆盖裸露的巩膜区域,一些研究证实与结膜自体移植比较,[22]Ma DH, See LC, Liau SB, et al. Amniotic membrane graft for primary pterygium: comparison with conjunctival autograft and topical mitomycin C treatment. Br J Ophthalmol. 2000;84:973-978.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10966947?tool=bestpractice.com以及与其他移植比较复发率增高。[14]Youngson RM. Recurrence of pterygium after excision. Br J Ophthalmol. 1972;56:120-125.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5010313?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Luanratanakorn P, Ratanapakorn T, Suwan-Apichon O, et al. Randomised controlled study of conjunctival autograft versus amniotic membrane graft in pterygium excision. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90:1476-1480.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1857513/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16837545?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Li M, Zhu M, Yu Y, et al. Comparison of conjunctival autograft transplantation and amniotic membrane transplantation for pterygium: a meta-analysis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2012;250:375-381.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21935607?tool=bestpractice.com然而,翼状胬肉长得范围较大,需要大面积的覆盖物,对于青光眼患者,此处较好的球结膜希望被保存下来,以备未来做滤过手术,在这种情况下羊膜移植是非常有用的。[22]Ma DH, See LC, Liau SB, et al. Amniotic membrane graft for primary pterygium: comparison with conjunctival autograft and topical mitomycin C treatment. Br J Ophthalmol. 2000;84:973-978.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10966947?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Ozer A, Yildirim N, Erol N, et al. Long-term results of bare sclera, limbal-conjunctival autograft and amniotic membrane graft techniques in primary pterygium excisions. Ophthalmologica. 2009;223:269-273.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19339811?tool=bestpractice.com
板层角膜移植术
治疗性准分子激光角膜切削术
手术通常在局部麻醉下进行。结膜下注射利多卡因或眼局部应用利多卡因凝胶均有效。[26]Page MA, Fraunfelder FW. Safety, efficacy, and patient acceptability of lidocaine hydrochloride ophthalmic gel as a topical ocular anesthetic for use in ophthalmic procedures. Clin Ophthalmol. 2009;3:601-609.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2773282/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19898665?tool=bestpractice.com
辅助药物和疗法
各种药物已用来减少初步手术后复发,特别是治疗复发性疾病。此类药物包括术后滴眼剂噻替派和丝裂霉素眼药水,围手术期应用的丝裂霉素和柔红霉素,氟尿嘧啶,以及在 β-放射治疗中使用的锶-90 板。[27]Asregadoo ER. Surgery, thio-tepa, and corticosteroid in the treatment of pterygium. Am J Ophthalmol. 1972;74:960-963.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4630176?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Singh G, Wilson MR, Foster CS. Long-term follow-up study of mitomycin eye drops as adjunctive treatment of pterygia and its comparison with conjunctival autograft transplantation. Cornea. 1990;9:331-334.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2078962?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Frucht-Pery J, Siganos CS, Ilsar M. Intraoperative application of topical mitomycin C for pterygium surgery. Ophthalmology. 1996;103:674-677.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8618770?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Dadeya S, Kamlesh MS. Intraoperative daunorubicin to prevent the recurrence of pterygium after excision. Cornea. 2001;20:172-174.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11248823?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Bahrassa F, Datta R. Postoperative beta radiation treatment of pterygium. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1983;9:679-684.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6853267?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Kal HB, Veen RE, Jürgenliemk-Schulz IM. Dose-effect relationships for recurrence of keloid and pterygium after surgery and radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;74:245-251.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19362243?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Bekibele CO, Ashaye A, Olusanya B, et al. 5-Fluorouracil versus mitomycin C as adjuncts to conjunctival autograft in preventing pterygium recurrence. Int Ophthalmol. 2012;32:3-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2246200?tool=bestpractice.com然而,这些药物是否可以使用在不同的国家有不同的要求。另外,尽管辅助剂可以降低单纯切除术后的复发率,但这些药物的使用可能导致明显影响视力的并发症,如角膜内皮细胞丢失、巩膜溃疡或融解、甚至角巩膜穿孔等。[34]Rubinfeld RS, Pfister RR, Stein RM, et al. Serious complications of topical mitomycin-C after pterygium surgery. Ophthalmology. 1992;99:1647-1654.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1454338?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Moriarty AP, Crawford GJ, McAllister IL, et al. Severe corneoscleral infection. A complication of beta irradiation scleral necrosis following pterygium excision. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993;111:947-951.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8328937?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Kheirkhah A, Izadi A, Kiarudi MY, et al. Effects of mitomycin C on corneal endothelial cell counts in pterygium surgery: role of application location. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011;151:488-493.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21236405?tool=bestpractice.com鉴于这些潜在的并发症和对于辅助药物使用情况的随访研究有限,结膜自体移植是最受欢迎的外科技术。[25]Ozer A, Yildirim N, Erol N, et al. Long-term results of bare sclera, limbal-conjunctival autograft and amniotic membrane graft techniques in primary pterygium excisions. Ophthalmologica. 2009;223:269-273.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19339811?tool=bestpractice.com一个10年随访研究的随机对照试验表明,角巩膜缘的结膜自体移植与0.02%丝裂霉素相比前者可减少翼状胬肉复发,尽管丝裂霉素组没有发现长期并发症或内皮细胞损失。[37]Young AL, Ho M, Jhanji V, et al. Ten-year results of a randomized controlled trial comparing 0.02% mitomycin C and limbal conjunctival autograft in pterygium surgery. Ophthalmology. 2013;120:2390-2395.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23870302?tool=bestpractice.com
近来各种局部常用的血管内皮生长因子单克隆抗体(anti-VEGF)被推荐用于术后辅助治疗,[38]Fallah MR, Khosravi K, Hashemian MN, et al. Efficacy of topical bevacizumab for inhibiting growth of impending recurrent pterygium. Curr Eye Res. 2010;35:17-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20021250?tool=bestpractice.com可作为滴剂或作为结膜下注射液。综合分析表明局部应用贝伐单抗是相对安全的,此单抗只与结膜下出血的风险增加有关,但它对防止翼状胬肉复发无明显效果。[39]Hu Q, Qiao Y, Nie X,et al. Bevacizumab in the treatment of pterygium: a meta-analysis. Cornea. 2014;33:154-160.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24326333?tool=bestpractice.com此类药物作为非手术治疗的主要治疗手段其疗效尚不明显。[39]Hu Q, Qiao Y, Nie X,et al. Bevacizumab in the treatment of pterygium: a meta-analysis. Cornea. 2014;33:154-160.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24326333?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Mandalos A, Tsakpinis D, Karayannopoulou G, et al. The effect of subconjunctival ranibizumab on primary pterygium: a pilot study. Cornea. 2010;29:1373-1379.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20856107?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Fallah Tafti MR, Khosravifard K, Mohammadpour M, et al. Efficacy of intralesional bevacizumab injection in decreasing pterygium size. Cornea. 2011;30:127-129.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20885313?tool=bestpractice.com
复发性翼状胬肉
治疗复发性翼状胬肉可能有一些困难。复发后病变在角膜处的解剖很复杂,这些病变通常并不机械性切除但是牢固附着在角膜基质层而需要进行锐性分离。偶尔可能会出现病变处的角膜变薄,板层角膜移植可能对恢复正常的角膜表面形态有益。复发性翼状胬肉切除后复发的速度高于原发病变。尽管一些药物的使用与可以显著影响视觉的并发症如巩膜的融解相关,但许多外科医生还是推荐一些辅助治疗如局部应用丝裂霉素治疗此类病变,[34]Rubinfeld RS, Pfister RR, Stein RM, et al. Serious complications of topical mitomycin-C after pterygium surgery. Ophthalmology. 1992;99:1647-1654.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1454338?tool=bestpractice.com本作者建议不使用此类药物,而是重复运用包含角膜缘干细胞的自体结膜移植手术。[16]Al Fayez MF. Limbal versus conjunctival autograft transplantation for advanced and recurrent pterygium. Ophthalmology. 2002;109:1752-1755.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12208727?tool=bestpractice.com
组织学
翼状胬肉的典型组织学特征包括:角膜缘上皮细胞增生、杯状细胞增生、血管生成、发炎、Bowman 层破坏、弹性组织变性和基质斑块。在翼状胬肉中已经发现癌前病变,也有未觉察的和潜在恶性眼表疾病的报告。[42]Oellers P, Karp CL, Sheth A, et al. Prevalence, treatment, and outcomes of coexistent ocular surface squamous neoplasia and pterygium. Ophthalmology. 2013;120:445-450.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3562397/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23107578?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Chui J, Coroneo MT, Tat LT, et al. Ophthalmic pterygium: a stem cell disorder with premalignant features. Am J Pathol. 2011;178:817-827.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3069871/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21281814?tool=bestpractice.com因此,强烈建议对所有切除的翼状胬肉进行正规的组织学检查。