内、外上髁炎均与反复肘部和前臂活动相关,例如网球、击剑、高尔夫球、划船、棒球、链球、打字、切肉、修水管和刷漆。[4]Jobe FW, Ciccotti MG. Lateral and medial epicondylitis of the elbow. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1994;2:1-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10708988?tool=bestpractice.com[10]De Smedt T, de Jong A, Van Leemput W, et al. Lateral epicondylitis in tennis: update on aetiology, biomechanics and treatment. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41:816-819.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17616547?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Kim DH, Gambardella RA, Elattrache NS, et al. Arthroscopic treatment of posterolateral elbow impingement from lateral synovial plicae in throwing athletes and golfers. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34:438-444.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16365372?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Tuite MJ, Kijowski R. Sports-related injuries of the elbow: an approach to MRI interpretation. Clin Sports Med. 2006;25:387-408.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16798134?tool=bestpractice.com[13]O'Dwyer KJ, Howie CR. Medial epicondylitis of the elbow. Int Orthop. 1995;19:69-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7649686?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Grana W. Medial epicondylitis and cubital tunnel syndrome in the throwing athlete. Clin Sports Med. 2001;20:541-548.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11494840?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Chen FS, Rokito AS, Jobe FW. Medial elbow problems in the overhead-throwing athlete. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2001;9:99-113.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11281634?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Wang Q. Baseball and softball injuries. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2006;5:115-119.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16640945?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Hume PA, Reid D, Edwards T. Epicondylar injury in sport: epidemiology, type, mechanisms, assessment, management and prevention. Sports Med. 2006;36:151-170.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16464123?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Jacobson JA, Miller BS, Morag Y. Golf and racquet sports injuries. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2005;9:346-359.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16315117?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Banks KP, Ly JQ, Beall DP, et al. Overuse injuries of the upper extremity in the competitive athlete: magnetic resonance imaging findings associated with repetitive trauma. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 2005;34:127-142.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16012484?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Rumball JS, Lebrun CM, Di Ciacca SR, et al. Rowing injuries. Sports Med. 2005;35:537-555.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15974636?tool=bestpractice.com
在血供不足的组织中,这些事件中产生的外翻剪力会引发创伤性微撕裂。这会造成疼痛和愈合延迟。[3]Milz S, Tischer T, Buettner A, et al. Molecular composition and pathology of entheses on the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus: a structural basis for epicondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004;63:1015-1021.http://ard.bmj.com/content/63/9/1015.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15308511?tool=bestpractice.com