大多数受上髁炎折磨的患者可通过手臂休息和服用非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID) 疗法使症状完全消退。[4]Jobe FW, Ciccotti MG. Lateral and medial epicondylitis of the elbow. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1994;2:1-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10708988?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Ciccotti MG, Ramani MN. Medial epicondylitis. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 2003;7:190-196.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16518220?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Ciccotti MG, Charlton WP. Epicondylitis in the athlete. Clin Sports Med. 2001;20:77-93.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11227710?tool=bestpractice.com然而,若在 6 周后仍无任何改善,或在 6-12 个月后症状仍然持续(顽固性疾病),则可能需要其他疗法。
初期表现
在经过目标明确的体格检查以鉴别上髁炎与神经卡压、骨关节炎以及韧带不稳定性后,内和外上髁炎的主要初始治疗措施是为期 6 周的肘部与前臂休息、冰敷以及活动调整。[1]Carter RM. Epicondylitis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1925;7:553-562.[4]Jobe FW, Ciccotti MG. Lateral and medial epicondylitis of the elbow. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1994;2:1-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10708988?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Ciccotti MG, Ramani MN. Medial epicondylitis. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 2003;7:190-196.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16518220?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Johnson GW, Cadwallader K, Scheffel SB, et al. Treatment of lateral epicondylitis. Am Fam Physician. 2007;76:843-848.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17910298?tool=bestpractice.com
在伤后最初 10-21 日,建议口服 NSAID。短期研究显示,口服双氯芬酸 28 日与外上髁炎疼痛改善相关,但是统计数据表明并未改善握力。[57]Pattanittum P, Turner T, Green S, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for treating lateral elbow pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(5):CD003686.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003686.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23728646?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Labelle H, Guibert R. Efficacy of diclofenac in lateral epicondylitis of the elbow also treated with immobilization. The University of Montreal Orthopaedic Research Group. Arch Fam Med. 1997;6:257-262.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9161352?tool=bestpractice.com口服非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID) 治疗外上髁炎的疼痛改善情况:存在质量差的证据表明,口服 NSAID 较安慰剂相比可短期改善疼痛症状,不过关于 NSAID 是否有益于长期改善该病症尚不够明确。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
除 NSAID 外,还可使用无弹性、非关节性的近端前臂绷带来治疗外上髁炎。已有证据表明,受伤后短期使用该支具固定技术(最长 12 周)会有益处。[59]Faes M, van den Akker B, de Lint JA, et al. Dynamic extensor brace for lateral epicondylitis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;442:149-157.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16394754?tool=bestpractice.com短期使用支具支撑治疗外上髁炎对握力和臂功能的改善情况和对疼痛的缓解情况:存在质量差的证据表明,与未治疗的外上髁炎患者相比,最长 12 周的支撑可极大改善疼痛症状、无痛握力和功能。[59]Faes M, van den Akker B, de Lint JA, et al. Dynamic extensor brace for lateral epicondylitis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;442:149-157.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16394754?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 与在肘部以上使用的绷带相比,使用局限于前臂的支具在改善症状的表现上并无二致。[60]Bisset LM, Collins NJ, Offord SS. Immediate effects of 2 types of braces on pain and grip strength in people with lateral epicondylalgia: a randomized controlled trial. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2014;44:120-128.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24405258?tool=bestpractice.com保守疗法应持续大约 6 周。
使用经皮神经电刺激 (TENS) 设备似乎并不能提供额外益处。[61]Chesterton LS, Lewis AM, Sim J, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation as adjunct to primary care management for tennis elbow: pragmatic randomised controlled trial (TATE trial). BMJ. 2013;347:f5160.http://www.bmj.com/content/347/bmj.f5160http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23999980?tool=bestpractice.com
在 6 周内对初步治疗无反应
若患者病情未能通过休息、NSAID 和支具得到改善,则应重做体格检查以评估其他病因学过程。还可能需要做放射影像和/或电生理学检查以进一步评估患者。
物理治疗方案可能有用,并且应包括离心负荷锻炼。[62]Herd CR, Meserve BB. A systematic review of the effectiveness of manipulative therapy in treating lateral epicondylalgia. J Man Manip Ther. 2008;16:225-237.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2716156/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19771195?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Raman J, MacDermid JC, Grewal R. Effectiveness of different methods of resistance exercises in lateral epicondylosis - a systematic review. J Hand Ther. 2012;25:5-25.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22075055?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Cullinane FL, Boocock MG, Trevelyan FC. Is eccentric exercise an effective treatment for lateral epicondylitis? A systematic review. Clin Rehabil. 2014;28:3-19.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23881334?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Olaussen M, Holmedal O, Lindbaek M, et al. Treating lateral epicondylitis with corticosteroid injections or non-electrotherapeutical physiotherapy: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2013;3:e003564.http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/3/10/e003564.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24171937?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Peterson M, Butler S, Eriksson M, et al. A randomized controlled trial of eccentric vs. concentric graded exercise in chronic tennis elbow (lateral elbow tendinopathy). Clin Rehabil. 2014;28:862-872.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24634444?tool=bestpractice.com应避免注射皮质类固醇。与安慰剂和支具相比,虽然临床显示注射皮质类固醇能够短期缓解疼痛(4-6 周),注射皮质类固醇治疗外上髁炎可改善短期疼痛:存在质量差的证据表明,对于出现外上髁炎相关性症状不到 4 周的患者,与使用安慰剂或未治疗的上髁炎患者相比,注射皮质类固醇可能会更为有效地改善 8 周和 6 个月的疼痛症状。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 但是也有证据表明,在注射皮质类固醇治疗网球肘后的长期效果可能比不治疗或仅使用物理治疗差。[67]Gaujoux-Viala C, Dougados M, Gossec L. Efficacy and safety of steroid injections for shoulder and elbow tendonitis: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:1843-1849.http://ard.bmj.com/content/68/12/1843.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19054817?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Bisset L, Beller E, Jull G, et al. Mobilisation with movement and exercise, corticosteroid injection, or wait and see for tennis elbow: randomised trial. BMJ. 2006;333:939.http://www.bmj.com/content/333/7575/939http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17012266?tool=bestpractice.com 虽然有些临床医生实际上可能建议将注射皮质类固醇作为物理治疗的有用辅助,但是,一项研究表明,皮质类固醇注射将抵消经外上髁炎物理治疗可见到的短期成效。[69]Coombes BK, Bisset L, Brooks P, et al. Effect of corticosteroid injection, physiotherapy, or both on clinical outcomes in patients with unilateral lateral epicondylalgia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2013;309:461-469.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1568252http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23385272?tool=bestpractice.com若注射皮质类固醇,则必须小心避免内侧神经(麻痹)和皮下脂肪组织(坏死)。[18]Ciccotti MG, Ramani MN. Medial epicondylitis. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 2003;7:190-196.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16518220?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Smidt N, Assendelft WJ, van der Windt DA, et al. Corticosteroid injections for lateral epicondylitis: a systematic review. Pain. 2002;96:23-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11932058?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Johnson GW, Cadwallader K, Scheffel SB, et al. Treatment of lateral epicondylitis. Am Fam Physician. 2007;76:843-848.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17910298?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Gaujoux-Viala C, Dougados M, Gossec L. Efficacy and safety of steroid injections for shoulder and elbow tendonitis: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:1843-1849.http://ard.bmj.com/content/68/12/1843.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19054817?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Barr S, Cerisola FL, Blanchard V. Effectiveness of corticosteroid injections compared with physiotherapeutic interventions for lateral epicondylitis: a systematic review. Physiotherapy. 2009;95:251-265.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19892089?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Coombes BK, Bisset L, Vicenzino B, et al. Efficacy and safety of corticosteroid injections and other injections for management of tendinopathy: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2010;376:1751-1767.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20970844?tool=bestpractice.com
应每 6-8 周监测患者 6 个月以评估治疗进展情况,例如他们是否已恢复工作或参加任何体育运动。
针对来自随机对照临床试验 (randomized comparison clinical trial, RCT) 汇总数据的一项 meta 分析表明,对于外上髁炎,与单纯观察或应用安慰剂相比,采用非手术治疗缺乏中期至长期的临床获益。非手术治疗包括:注射(皮质类固醇、富血小板血浆、自体血、玻璃酸钠或硫酸化糖胺聚糖),物理治疗,震波治疗、激光治疗,超声,皮质类固醇离子电渗疗法,局部应用硝酸甘油,或者口服萘普生。[72]Sayegh ET, Strauch RJ. Does nonsurgical treatment improve longitudinal outcomes of lateral epicondylitis over no treatment? A meta-analysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473:1093-1107.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11999-014-4022-y/fulltext.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25352261?tool=bestpractice.com
一篇关于保守治疗临床有效性的系统评价概述指出,不确定多种保守干预对外上髁炎的治疗有效性。这主要是由于已报告的随机对照临床试验 (RCT) 样本量较小。也不清楚关于成本效益的结论。[73]Long L, Briscoe S, Cooper C, et al. What is the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of conservative interventions for tendinopathy? An overview of systematic reviews of clinical effectiveness and systematic review of economic evaluations. Health Technol Assess. 2015;19:1-134.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0082113/pdf/PubMedHealth_PMH0082113.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25629427?tool=bestpractice.com
在初始症状表现后 6-12 个月内难以根治
未在初始治疗干预下改善的上髁炎患者会转诊至骨科顾问医生。应再次进行全面的病史和体格检查。若诊断为顽固性上髁炎(在病情初发或复发后,疼痛持续 6-12 个月),则将考虑外科干预。
可考虑使用注射自体血/富血小板血浆或体外震波术治疗 (ESWT) 替代外科干预疗法,但是这些疗法的相关证据目前有限。 [
]How do platelet-rich therapies affect outcomes in people with musculoskeletal soft tissue injuries?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.680/full显示答案
外科干预
内、外上髁炎的外科干预仅限于治疗顽固性病例。[4]Jobe FW, Ciccotti MG. Lateral and medial epicondylitis of the elbow. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1994;2:1-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10708988?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Ciccotti MG, Ramani MN. Medial epicondylitis. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 2003;7:190-196.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16518220?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Johnson GW, Cadwallader K, Scheffel SB, et al. Treatment of lateral epicondylitis. Am Fam Physician. 2007;76:843-848.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17910298?tool=bestpractice.com 上髁炎的外科干预一直有详细记录,不过缺乏凿实证据表明某种手术方法优于另一种,或者确实说明了外科干预的有效性。[24]Nirschl RP, Pettrone FA. Tennis elbow. The surgical treatment of lateral epicondylitis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1979;61:832-839.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/479229?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Karkhanis S, Frost A, Maffulli N. Operative management of tennis elbow: a quantitative review. Br Med Bull. 2008;88:171-188.http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/content/88/1/171.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18819957?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Buchbinder R, Johnston RV, Barnsley L, et al. Surgery for lateral elbow pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(3):CD003525.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003525.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21412883?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 慢性顽固性内上髁炎患者的摆动切口部位标志由加利福尼亚州圣地亚哥海军医学中心的 Brian Fitzgerald 医生提供;经许可后使用 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 难治性内上髁炎手术:退行性肌腱部位上放置的探头显示肌腱正常外观丧失由加利福尼亚州圣地亚哥海军医学中心的 Brian Fitzgerald 医生提供;经许可后使用 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 难治性内上髁炎手术:在实施椭圆形切口后,提起退行性肌腱的剥离部位以切除该部位由加利福尼亚州圣地亚哥海军医学中心的 Brian Fitzgerald 医生提供;经许可后使用 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 难治性内上髁炎手术:退行性肌腱已移除由加利福尼亚州圣地亚哥海军医学中心的 Brian Fitzgerald 医生提供;经许可后使用 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 难治性内上髁炎手术:内上髁已暴露由加利福尼亚州圣地亚哥海军医学中心的 Brian Fitzgerald 医生提供;经许可后使用 [Citation ends]. 90% 的外上髁炎患者在接受针对外上髁炎的桡侧腕短伸肌 (ECRB) 开放性手术清创术,并使用或不使用外上髁剥脱术进行侧到侧修复后,在术后 10 年间可持续进行正常的肘部活动和参加体育活动。[76]Dunn JH, Kim JJ, Davis L, et al. Ten- to 14-year follow-up of the Nirschl surgical technique for lateral epicondylitis. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36:261-266.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18055917?tool=bestpractice.com患者报告术后整体满意率为 8.9/10。然而,应在术前告知患者采用开放性清创术治疗外上髁炎的风险。这些风险包括握力降低 15% 以及在 100% 的病例中出现腕背屈肌力减弱。[4]Jobe FW, Ciccotti MG. Lateral and medial epicondylitis of the elbow. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1994;2:1-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10708988?tool=bestpractice.com
与开放性清创术相比,当前针对外上髁炎的关节镜 ECRB 清创术可缓解疼痛并缩短恢复时间。[77]Baker CL Jr, Baker CL 3rd. Long-term follow-up of arthroscopic treatment of lateral epicondylitis. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36:254-260.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18202296?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Jerosch J, Schunck J. Arthroscopic treatment of lateral epicondylitis: indication, technique and early results. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2006;14:379-382.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16078089?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Baker CL Jr, Murphy KP, Gottlob CA, et al. Arthroscopic classification and treatment of lateral epicondylitis: two-year clinical results. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2000;9:475-482.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11155299?tool=bestpractice.com然而,需要就握力进行关节镜清创术的长期成效评估。
内上髁炎的外科干预涉及屈肌旋前肌群底面的开放性清理和切除。在一项研究中,患者报告在手术后出现显著的功能性改善。[80]Vangsness CT Jr, Jobe FW. Surgical treatment of medial epicondylitis: results in 35 elbows. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1991;73:409-411.http://www.bjj.boneandjoint.org.uk/content/jbjsbr/73-B/3/409.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1670439?tool=bestpractice.com患者经内上髁炎手术治疗后肘部功能的改善情况:存在质量差的证据表明,在内上髁炎手术后平均 85 个月的随访中,主观估计肘部功能平均从正常功能的 38% 改善至 98%。[80]Vangsness CT Jr, Jobe FW. Surgical treatment of medial epicondylitis: results in 35 elbows. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1991;73:409-411.http://www.bjj.boneandjoint.org.uk/content/jbjsbr/73-B/3/409.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1670439?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 可能存在的手术不良反应包括尺神经受损和/或腕屈曲肌力减弱。
体外震波治疗
虽然手术被视为顽固性外上髁炎患者的首选治疗方法,但是对于希望避免手术或具有危险因素而无法做手术的患者,体外震波术治疗 (ESWT) 可能有效。[81]Kohia M, Brackle J, Byrd K, et al. Effectiveness of physical therapy treatments on lateral epicondylitis. J Sport Rehabil. 2008;17:119-136.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18515912?tool=bestpractice.com
内上髁炎无需 ESWT。ESWT 联用皮质类固醇注射的随机对照研究未能展现有成效的结果。[56]Johnson GW, Cadwallader K, Scheffel SB, et al. Treatment of lateral epicondylitis. Am Fam Physician. 2007;76:843-848.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17910298?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Stasinopoulos D, Johnson MI. Effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave therapy for tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis). Br J Sports Med. 2005;39:132-136.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1725150/pdf/v039p00132.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15728688?tool=bestpractice.com 在缓解疼痛方面,有研究发现 ESWT 并未比安慰剂更有效。使用体外震波术治疗外上髁炎的疼痛缓解情况:存在质量差的证据表明,与使用安慰剂(虚假治疗)相比,使用体外震波术治疗似乎未能更为有效地改善患外上髁炎 4-6 周或腕部伸展受阻 12 周时所发疼痛。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
注射治疗
包括自体血、富血小板血浆和肉毒素在内的其他注射治疗方式一直是顽固性外和内上髁炎的建议疗法。一般认为,使用自体血或将富血小板血浆注射到肌腱来治疗内和外上髁炎会激发局部炎症反应。有关这些药剂使用的研究报告显示在短期疼痛和功能方面有改善。[45]Suresh SP, Ali KE, Jones H, et al. Medial epicondylitis: is ultrasound guided autologous blood injection an effective treatment? Br J Sports Med. 2006;40:935-939.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16990441?tool=bestpractice.com[83]Mishra A, Pavelko T. Treatment of chronic elbow tendinosis with buffered platelet-rich plasma. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34:1774-1778.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16735582?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Connell DA, Ali KE, Ahmad M, et al. Ultrasound-guided autologous blood injection for tennis elbow. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35:371-377.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16552606?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Edwards SG, Calandruccio JH. Autologous blood injections for refractory lateral epicondylitis. J Hand Surg (Am). 2003;28:272-278.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12671860?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Rabago D, Best TM, Zgierska AE, et al. A systematic review of four injection therapies for lateral epicondylosis: prolotherapy, polidocanol, whole blood and platelet-rich plasma. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43:471-481.http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/43/7/471.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19028733?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Petrella RJ, Cogliano A, Decaria J, et al. Management of tennis elbow with sodium hyaluronate periarticular injections. Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabilit Ther Technol. 2010;2:4.http://www.biomedcentral.com/1758-2555/2/4http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20205851?tool=bestpractice.com[88]Thanasas C, Papadimitriou G, Charalambidis C, et al. Platelet-rich plasma versus autologous whole blood for the treatment of chronic lateral elbow epicondylitis: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39:2130-2134.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21813443?tool=bestpractice.com[89]Montalvan B, Le Goux P, Klouche S, et al. Inefficacy of ultrasound-guided local injections of autologous conditioned plasma for recent epicondylitis: results of a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial with one-year follow-up. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016;55:279-285.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26350485?tool=bestpractice.com 富血小板血浆注射的疗效表明,这比 12 和 24 个月的皮质类固醇治疗更有效。[90]Peerbooms JC, Sluimer J, Bruijn DJ, et al. Positive effect of an autologous platelet concentrate in lateral epicondylitis in a double-blind randomized controlled trial: platelet-rich plasma versus corticosteroid injection with a 1-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38:255-262.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20448192?tool=bestpractice.com[91]Gosens T, Peerbooms JC, van Laar W, et al. Ongoing positive effect of platelet-rich plasma versus corticosteroid injection in lateral epicondylitis: a double-blind randomized controlled trial with 2-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39:1200-1208.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21422467?tool=bestpractice.com可考虑使用注射自体血/富血小板血浆或体外震波术治疗 (ESWT) 替代外科干预疗法,但是这些疗法的相关证据目前有限。[92]Ahmad Z, Brooks R, Kang SN, et al. The effect of platelet-rich plasma on clinical outcomes in lateral epicondylitis. Arthroscopy. 2013;29:1851-1862.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24060428?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Krogh TP, Bartels EM, Ellingsen T, et al. Comparative effectiveness of injection therapies in lateral epicondylitis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41:1435-1446.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972856?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How do platelet-rich therapies affect outcomes in people with musculoskeletal soft tissue injuries?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.680/full显示答案 英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所 (NICE) 目前建议使用自体血产品治疗肌腱病变;但是,这些产品的效力并不明确。[94]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Autologous blood injection for tendinopathy. January 2013. http://www.nice.org.uk (last accessed 16 March 2016).https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg438一项随机试验报告称,接受富血小板血浆注射和盐水注射的患者治疗结果之间没有任何差异。但是,盐水注射群体还曾接受肌腱针刺疗法,这可能有治疗效果。[95]Krogh TP, Fredberg U, Stengaard-Pedersen K, et al. Treatment of lateral epicondylitis with platelet-rich plasma, glucocorticoid, or saline: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41:625-635.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23328738?tool=bestpractice.com在一项更进一步的 RCT 中,针对发病 3 个月内的外上髁炎,比较了超声引导下的两次富血小板血浆序贯注射与超声引导下的两次盐水序贯注射(前后两次注射均间隔 4 周)。在第 6 个月时,两组疼痛评分的相对改善不具有统计学显著差异。试验的最终参与者较少;每组 22 人。[89]Montalvan B, Le Goux P, Klouche S, et al. Inefficacy of ultrasound-guided local injections of autologous conditioned plasma for recent epicondylitis: results of a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial with one-year follow-up. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016;55:279-285.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26350485?tool=bestpractice.com另一项试验发现,富血小板血浆注射优于干针刺疗法。[96]Mishra AK, Skrepnik NV, Edwards SG, et al. Efficacy of platelet-rich plasma for chronic tennis elbow: a double-blind, prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trial of 230 patients. Am J Sports Med. 2014;42:463-471.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23825183?tool=bestpractice.com尚需进行进一步研究。[97]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy for refractory tennis elbow. August 2009.
http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 16 March 2016).https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg313
外上髁炎患者中,有在肉毒素注射后疼痛缓解的报道,但是也存在高并发症风险,包括手指麻痹和肌力减弱。[98]Wong SM, Hui AC, Tong PY, et al. Treatment of lateral epicondylitis with botulinum toxin: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143:793-797.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16330790?tool=bestpractice.com[99]Kalichman LB, Bannuru RR, Severin M, et al. Injection of botulinum toxin for treatment of chronic lateral epicondylitis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Sem Arthritis Rheum. 2011;40:532-538.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20822798?tool=bestpractice.com[100]Zhang T, Adatia A, Zarin W, et al. The efficacy of botulinum toxin type A in managing chronic musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review and meta analysis. Inflammopharmacology. 2011;19:21-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21076878?tool=bestpractice.com注射 A 型肉毒杆菌毒素(曾名为 A 型肉毒素)对外上髁炎疼痛的改善情况:存在中等质量的证据表明,与生理盐水安慰剂相比,单次注射 60 个单位的 A 型肉肉毒素治疗外上髁炎可能对持续 3 个多月的疼痛有相关改善。然而,肉毒素注射可能伴有不良反应,例如手指麻痹和指伸展肌力减弱。[98]Wong SM, Hui AC, Tong PY, et al. Treatment of lateral epicondylitis with botulinum toxin: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143:793-797.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16330790?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
低水平激光治疗
直接向肘外部肌腱止点施以最佳剂量的低水平激光治疗可针对外上髁炎提供短期疼痛缓解和减少功能丧失,无论是单独使用还是与锻炼复健联合使用均能见效。有一些冲突性的证据支持该干预的效力。[101]Bjordal JM, Lopes-Martins RA, Joensen J, et al. A systematic review with procedural assessments and meta-analysis of low level laser therapy in lateral elbow tendinopathy (tennis elbow). BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2008;9:75.http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/9/75http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18510742?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Baxter GD, Bleakley C, McDonough S. Clinical effectiveness of laser acupuncture: a systematic review. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2008;1:65-82.http://www.jams-kpi.com/article/S2005-2901(09)60026-1/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20633458?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Chang WD, Wu JH, Yang WJ, et al. Therapeutic effects of low-level laser on lateral epicondylitis from differential interventions of Chinese-Western medicine: systematic review. Photomed Laser Surg. 2010;28:327-336.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19874256?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Tumilty S, Munn J, McDonough S, et al. Low level laser treatment of tendinopathy: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Photomed Laser Surg. 2010;28:3-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19708800?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Roberts DB, Kruse RJ, Stoll SF. The effectiveness of therapeutic class IV (10 W) laser treatment for epicondylitis. Lasers Surg Med. 2013;45:311-317.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23733499?tool=bestpractice.com