所有狭窄性肌腱病变的基本共同特征是外肌腱进入其支持带输送鞘处出现疼痛、肿胀和压痛。主动运动增加将导致症状加剧,若有对抗运动,则加剧更为严重。无法活动伴有疼痛加剧可能提示锁定。若向相应的输送鞘内注射局部麻醉药(利多卡因)能够缓解症状,则可确诊。[1]Burman M. Stenosing tendovaginitis of the dorsal and volar compartments of the wrist. AMA Arch Surg. 1952;65:752-762.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12984978?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Lipscomb PR. Tenosynovitis of the hand and the wrist: carpal tunnel syndrome, de Quervain's disease, trigger digit. Clin Orthop. 1959;13:164-180.
扳机指
手(扳机指)内 A1 滑车处指屈肌肌腱炎的通常表现为,当患者弯曲和伸展其指时,屈肌腱疼痛卡住或弹响。手指可能会被锁定于弯曲位置。被动伸展可解除锁定。长期忽视将导致手指屈曲挛缩。在手掌的掌骨头处可能会触及一个压痛性结节。可通过体格检查、MRI 或 CT 扫描排除真正的关节锁定(罕见)、伸肌腱半脱位和手指 A2 滑车下方锁定(罕见)。[3]Patel MR, Bassini L. Trigger fingers and thumb: when to splint, inject, or operate. J Hand Surg Am. 1992;17:110-113.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1538090?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Murphy D, Failla JM, Koniuch MP. Steroid versus placebo injection for trigger finger. J Hand Surg Am. 1995;20:628-631.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7594291?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Newport ML, Lane LB, Stuchin SA. Treatment of trigger finger by steroid injection. J Hand Surg Am. 1990;15:748-750.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2229972?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Rhoades CE, Gelberman RH, Manjarris JF. Stenosing tenosynovitis of the fingers and thumb: results of a prospective trial of steroid injection and splinting. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1984;190:236-238.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6488636?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Fahey JJ, Bollinger JA. Trigger-finger in adults and children. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1954;36-A:1200-1218.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13211713?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Kamhin M, Engel J, Heim M. The fate of injected trigger fingers. Hand. 1983;15:218-220.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6884855?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Weilby A. Trigger finger: incidence in children and adults and the possibility of a predisposition in certain age groups. Acta Orthop Scand. 1970;41:419-427.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5502406?tool=bestpractice.com
De Quervain 病
定义为拇长展肌和拇短伸肌在腕部桡骨茎突处通过背部第一隔室时出现腱鞘炎。De Quervain 病表现为腕桡侧离桡骨茎突 1 至 2 cm 处出现局限性疼痛、压痛和肿胀。它会随拇指活动而加重。当拇指被紧握在手心,腕关节尺侧偏斜(芬勒斯坦试验)时疼痛会加剧。应排除拇指基底部关节炎(表现为关节上方直接压痛;研磨试验呈阳性)和桡感觉神经神经炎(Wartenberg 综合征,表现为直接压痛、感官变化以及桡感觉神经上方的 Tinel 征阳性)。[5]Harvey FJ, Harvey PM, Horsley MW. De Quervain's disease: surgical or nonsurgical treatment. J Hand Surg Am. 1990;15:83-87.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2299173?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Stein AH Jr, Ramsey RH, Key JA. Stenosing tendovaginitis at the radial styloid process (de Quervain's disease). AMA Arch Surg. 1951;63:216-228.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14846481?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Lipscomb PR. Tenosynovitis of the hand and the wrist: carpal tunnel syndrome, de Quervain's disease, trigger digit. Clin Orthop. 1959;13:164-180.[14]Avci S, Yilmaz C, Sayli U. Comparison of nonsurgical treatment measures for de Quervain's disease of pregnancy and lactation. J Hand Surg Am. 2002;27:322-324.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11901392?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Keon-Cohen B. De Quervain's disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1951;33-B:96-99.http://www.bjj.boneandjoint.org.uk/content/33-B/1/96.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14814168?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Leao L. De Quervain's disease: a clinical and anatomical study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1958;40:1063-1070.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13587574?tool=bestpractice.com
交叉综合征
背侧第二隔室肌腱(桡侧腕长伸肌/桡侧腕短伸肌)发生腱鞘炎导致交叉综合征。研究认为该病变由拇长展肌和拇短伸肌的肌腹(第一隔室)与桡侧腕伸肌腱(第二隔室)之间的摩擦导致。表现为离腕关节 4 cm 处出现疼痛和肿胀。严重情况下,检查可发现发红、可触及且有时能听见的捻发音。在受阻情况下伸展手腕时疼痛会大大增加。[29]Grundberg AB, Reagan DS. Pathologic anatomy of the fore-arm: intersection syndrome. J Hand Surg Am. 1985;10:299-302.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3980951?tool=bestpractice.com
拇长伸肌腱鞘炎
此病比较罕见,但需要早期诊断和治疗以防断裂。其表现特征为桡骨背结节疼痛、肿胀和压痛。拇指指间关节运动会导致桡骨背结节疼痛。[27]Lanzetta M, Howard M, Conolly WB. Post-traumatic triggering of extensor pollicis longus at the dorsal radial tubercle. J Hand Surg Br. 1995;20:398-401.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7561421?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Satonaka H, Tsujii M, Sudo A. Tenosynovitis of the extensor pollicis longus tendon caused by an intratendinous ganglion: a case report. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2014;39:669-671.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22759486?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Kardashian G, Vara AD, Miller SJ, et al. Stenosing synovitis of the extensor pollicis longus tendon. J Hand Surg Am. 2011;36:1035-1038.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21636022?tool=bestpractice.com
尺侧腕伸肌腱鞘炎
这种常见疾病是尺侧腕疼痛的一种病因。手腕的所有运动都会使疼痛加剧。其提示性症状为受阻情况下伸展/尺侧偏斜时出现疼痛。尺侧腕伸肌半脱位还可表现为反应性滑膜炎。鉴别腱鞘炎与不稳定非常重要,因为两者的手术疗法不同。应使用 MRI 或 CT 扫描排除三角纤维软骨复合体撕裂或尺神经背侧感觉支刺激。[32]Futami T, Itoman M. Extensor carpi ulnaris syndrome: findings in 43 patients. Acta Orthop Scand. 1995;66:538-539.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8553824?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Garsten P. Stenosis of the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon sheath. Acta Chir Scand. 1951;101:85-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14818625?tool=bestpractice.com
桡侧腕屈肌腱鞘炎
表现为舟骨结节上方掌侧腕横纹处以及沿肌腱方向疼痛。其特异性病征是手腕受阻屈曲和桡侧偏斜时疼痛加剧。还可能表现为局部肿胀和腱鞘囊肿。[28]Fitton J, Shea FW, Goldie W. Lesions of the flexor carpi radialis tendon and sheath causing pain at the wrist. J. Bone Joint Surg Br. 1968;50:359-363.http://www.bjj.boneandjoint.org.uk/content/50-B/2/359.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5651344?tool=bestpractice.com
影像学检查的作用
大部分肌腱炎和腱鞘炎病例都依赖临床诊断。对于所有狭窄性肌腱病变,最有用和最准确的单项诊断检查是高分辨率超声扫描。超声检查可用于诊断无菌性和化脓性腱鞘炎以及其他各种手部和腕部病变。随着高分辨率超声检查的改进,表层结构影像的质量越来越高,因而扩大了这种影像学检查方法用于手部和腕部的适应症。[34]Bajaj S, Pattamapaspong N, Middleton W, et al. Ultrasound of the hand and wrist. J Hand Surg Am. 2009;34:759-760.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19345884?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Jacob D, Cohen M, Bianchi S. Ultrasound imaging of non-traumatic lesions of wrist and hand tendons. Eur Radiol. 2007;17:2237-2247.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17404737?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Wong DC, Wansaicheong GK, Tsou IY. Ultrasonography of the hand and wrist. Singapore Med J. 2009;50:219-225.http://smj.sma.org.sg/5002/5002pe1.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19296039?tool=bestpractice.com
其他方法可用于排除高度怀疑的其他诊断,但并不常规使用:
血液检查
血液检查(FBC、ESR、CRP)在狭窄性肌腱病变的诊断中无直接作用。它们有助于确定或排除其他诊断,例如类风湿关节炎、痛风和感染(脓毒性腱鞘炎、蜂窝织炎、化脓性关节炎)。