大多数成人原发性狭窄性肌腱病变无需手术即可治愈。最初可尝试口服非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID) 和夹板疗法,疗程为 4 至 6 周。最初还可使用皮质类固醇注射替代或非甾体抗炎药和夹板疗法或与之联用。或者,可在尝试非甾体抗炎药和夹板疗法后再使用。
关于皮质类固醇化合物及其剂型选择,目前存在多种观点。甲泼尼龙、曲安奈德和倍他米松是其中最常使用的药物。[6]Murphy D, Failla JM, Koniuch MP. Steroid versus placebo injection for trigger finger. J Hand Surg Am. 1995;20:628-631.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7594291?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Newport ML, Lane LB, Stuchin SA. Treatment of trigger finger by steroid injection. J Hand Surg Am. 1990;15:748-750.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2229972?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Rhoades CE, Gelberman RH, Manjarris JF. Stenosing tenosynovitis of the fingers and thumb: results of a prospective trial of steroid injection and splinting. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1984;190:236-238.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6488636?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Stahl S, Kanter Y, Karnielli E. Outcome of trigger finger treatment in diabetes. J Diabetes Complications. 1997;11:287-290.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9334911?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Freiberg A, Mulholland RS, Levine R. Nonoperative treatment of trigger fingers and thumbs. J Hand Surg Am. 1989;14:553-558.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2738345?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Griggs SM, Weiss AP, Lane LB, et al. Treatment of trigger finger in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Hand Surg Am. 1995;20:787-789.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8522745?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Kolind-Sorensen V. Treatment of trigger fingers. Acta Orthop Scand. 1970;41:428-432.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5537268?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Lapidus PW, Guidotti FP. Stenosing tenovaginitis of the wrist and fingers. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1972;83:87-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5014835?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Marks MR, Gunther SF. Efficacy of cortisone injection in treatment of trigger fingers and thumbs. J Hand Surg Am. 1989;14:722-727.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2754207?tool=bestpractice.com皮质类固醇化合物与局部麻醉剂混合使用,最常用的局部麻醉剂是 1% 的利多卡因。有些治疗医师会以 1:10 的混合比添加碳酸氢钠。注射总量约为 1 至 3 mL,视部位和偏好而异。首选小号针(例如:25 号或 27 号针)。注射可重复若干次。[7]Newport ML, Lane LB, Stuchin SA. Treatment of trigger finger by steroid injection. J Hand Surg Am. 1990;15:748-750.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2229972?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Marks MR, Gunther SF. Efficacy of cortisone injection in treatment of trigger fingers and thumbs. J Hand Surg Am. 1989;14:722-727.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2754207?tool=bestpractice.com已对注射透明质酸作为扳机指的替代疗法进行研究,与随机试验中的皮质类固醇注射相比,显示出等效的结局。[46]Liu DH, Tsai MW, Lin SH, et al. Ultrasound-guided hyaluronic acid injections for trigger finger: a double-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;96:2120-2127.http://www.archives-pmr.org/article/S0003-9993%2815%2901148-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26340807?tool=bestpractice.com
对于保守治疗无效或拒绝接受保守治疗的患者,可采取手术治疗。若患者认为注射本身带来的不适会大于所述症状,则患者可能会拒绝注射治疗。正确的皮质类固醇(无论是否使用影像引导)注射,最多只会引起轻度不适。如果患者在此部位或其他部位曾有不成功类固醇注射史,患者也可能会拒绝注射治疗。手术包括切开狭窄的输送鞘。需要时可实施滑膜切除术。某些情况下,非甾体抗炎药和冰疗可能是有效的辅助疗法。
扳机指
开始治疗时可尝试对屈肌腱鞘实施皮质类固醇注射。目前已有若干种可用技术,但任何一种都需要将混合药物注射到屈肌腱鞘中。对于必须实施手术治疗的病例,例如当注射治疗失败或手指无法解锁时,可采用开放手术或经皮穿刺技术切开 A1 滑车,从而使屈肌腱能自由滑动。[47]Bain GI, Wallwork NA. Percutaneous A1 pulley release: a clinical study. Hand Surg. 1999;4:45-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11089155?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Cihantimur B, Akin S, Ozcan M. Percutaneous treatment of trigger finger: 34 fingers followed 0.5-2 years. Acta Orthop Scand. 1998;69:167-168.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9602776?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Eastwood DM, Gupta KJ, Johnson DP. Percutaneous release of the trigger finger: an office procedure. J Hand Surg Am. 1992;17:114-117.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1538091?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Ha KI, Park MJ, Ha CW. Percutaneous release of trigger digits. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001;83:75-77.http://www.bjj.boneandjoint.org.uk/content/83-B/1/75.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11245542?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Lyu SR. Closed division of the flexor tendon sheath for trigger finger. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1992;74:418-420.http://www.bjj.boneandjoint.org.uk/content/74-B/3/418.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1587893?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Pope DF, Wolfe SW. Safety and efficacy of percutaneous trigger finger release. J Hand Surg Am. 1995;20:280-283.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7775770?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Stothard J, Kumar A. A safe percutaneous procedure for trigger finger release. J R Coll Surg Edinb. 1994;39:116-117.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7520065?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Tanaka J, Muraji M, Negoro H, et al. Subcutaneous release of trigger thumb and fingers in 210 fingers. J Hand Surg Br. 1990;15:463-465.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2269838?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Lapègue F, André A, Meyrignac O, et al. US-guided percutaneous release of the trigger finger by using a 21-gauge needle: a prospective study of 60 cases. Radiology. 2016 Feb 25 [Epub ahead of print].http://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.2016151886?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26919442?tool=bestpractice.com如果存在类风湿关节炎,应首选滑膜切除术而非滑车松解术,以免手指发生弓弦现象和加重尺侧偏斜。
De Quervain 病
开始治疗时通常使用夹板疗法和非甾体抗炎药疗法,疗程为 4 至 6 周。随后,可实施背侧第一隔室注射。[5]Harvey FJ, Harvey PM, Horsley MW. De Quervain's disease: surgical or nonsurgical treatment. J Hand Surg Am. 1990;15:83-87.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2299173?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Lipscomb PR. Tenosynovitis of the hand and the wrist: carpal tunnel syndrome, de Quervain's disease, trigger digit. Clin Orthop. 1959;13:164-180.[22]Leao L. De Quervain's disease: a clinical and anatomical study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1958;40:1063-1070.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13587574?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Lapidus PW, Guidotti FP. Stenosing tenovaginitis of the wrist and fingers. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1972;83:87-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5014835?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Ilyas AM. Nonsurgical treatment for de Quervain's tenosynovitis. J Hand Surg Am. 2009;34:928-929.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19410999?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Ashraf MO, Devadoss VG. Systematic review and meta-analysis on steroid injection therapy for de Quervain's tenosynovitis in adults. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2014;24:149-157.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23412309?tool=bestpractice.com研究还报告过皮质类固醇注射与夹板疗法联合治疗。[58]Mardani-Kivi M, Karimi Mobarakeh M, Bahrami F, et al. Corticosteroid injection with or without thumb spica cast for de Quervain tenosynovitis. J Hand Surg Am. 2014;39:37-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24315492?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Cavaleri R, Schabrun SM, Te M, et al. Hand therapy versus corticosteroid injections in the treatment of de Quervain's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hand Ther. 2016;29:3-11.http://www.jhandtherapy.org/article/S0894-1130%2815%2900175-1/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26705671?tool=bestpractice.com为使患者感觉舒适和休息,可制动患者拇指和腕部。[9]Stein AH Jr, Ramsey RH, Key JA. Stenosing tendovaginitis at the radial styloid process (de Quervain's disease). AMA Arch Surg. 1951;63:216-228.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14846481?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Leao L. De Quervain's disease: a clinical and anatomical study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1958;40:1063-1070.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13587574?tool=bestpractice.com对于必须实施手术治疗的病例(例如当注射治疗失败时),可纵向切开背侧第一隔室,使伸肌腱能自由滑动。必须正确识别拇短伸肌 (EPB),因为它可能与拇长展肌(通常由多条肌束构成)处于不同的子腱鞘内。[17]Keon-Cohen B. De Quervain's disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1951;33-B:96-99.http://www.bjj.boneandjoint.org.uk/content/33-B/1/96.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14814168?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Leao L. De Quervain's disease: a clinical and anatomical study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1958;40:1063-1070.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13587574?tool=bestpractice.com未能识别和松解 EPB 分隔室可能是导致治疗失败或复发的一个病因。[60]Arons MS. de Quervain's release in working women: a report of failures, complications, and associated diagnoses. J Hand Surg Am. 1987;12:540-544.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2956316?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Belsole RJ. De Quervain's tenosynovitis: diagnostic and operative complications. Orthopedics. 1981;4:899-903.[62]Louis DS. Incomplete release of the first dorsal compartment: a diagnostic test. J Hand Surg Am. 1987;12:87-88.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3805647?tool=bestpractice.com研究还报告过在内窥镜下松解背侧第一隔室。[63]Kang HJ, Koh IH, Jang JW, et al. Endoscopic versus open release in patients with de Quervain's tenosynovitis: a randomised trial. Bone Joint J. 2013;95-B:947-951.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23814248?tool=bestpractice.com对于妊娠和哺乳期患者,非手术治疗非常有效;此病症通常会在终止哺乳后消退。[14]Avci S, Yilmaz C, Sayli U. Comparison of nonsurgical treatment measures for de Quervain's disease of pregnancy and lactation. J Hand Surg Am. 2002;27:322-324.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11901392?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Schumacher HR Jr, Dorwart BB, Korzeniowski OM. Occurrence of De Quervain's tendinitis during pregnancy. Arch Intern Med. 1985;145:2083-2084.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4062462?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Schned ES. De Quervain tenosynovitis in pregnant and postpartum women. Obstet Gynecol. 1986;68:411-414.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3488531?tool=bestpractice.com
拇长伸肌腱鞘炎
为避免肌腱磨损断裂,必须实施紧急手术探查、松解背侧第三隔室和实施肌腱转位术。可采用非甾体抗炎药和夹板疗法缓解疼痛,疗程为 4 至 6 周。
尺侧腕伸肌腱腱鞘炎
最初可尝试夹板疗法、固定和注射等保守疗法。[32]Futami T, Itoman M. Extensor carpi ulnaris syndrome: findings in 43 patients. Acta Orthop Scand. 1995;66:538-539.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8553824?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Garsten P. Stenosis of the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon sheath. Acta Chir Scand. 1951;101:85-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14818625?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Hajj AA, Wood MB. Stenosing tenosynovitis of the extensor carpi ulnaris. J Hand Surg Am. 1986;11:519-520.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3722761?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Kip PC, Peimer CA. Release of the sixth dorsal compartment. J Hand Surg Am. 1994;19:599-601.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7963314?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Nachinolcar UG, Khanolkar KB. Stenosing tenovaginitis of extensor carpi ulnaris: brief report. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1988;70:842.http://www.bjj.boneandjoint.org.uk/content/70-B/5/842.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3192595?tool=bestpractice.com若不成功,需手术治疗,松解背侧第六隔室。术中,根据需要可能需实施进一步手术操作,包括肌腱鞘切除术以及支持带输送鞘修复和/或再造。
其他所有腱鞘炎
最初可尝试采用疗程为 4 至 6 周的非甾体抗炎药和夹板疗法进行保守治疗。早期还经常尝试皮质类固醇注射治疗。注射治疗常被用作一线疗法且很多人认为其疗效与非甾体抗炎药相同。这适用于不要求紧急干预的所有类别。在尝试注射后,应安排在 1 个月内进行随访复查。如果注射治疗失败,可实施二次注射或考虑手术治疗。若仍不成功,可尝试手术,通过手术松解相应隔室。[29]Grundberg AB, Reagan DS. Pathologic anatomy of the fore-arm: intersection syndrome. J Hand Surg Am. 1985;10:299-302.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3980951?tool=bestpractice.com