皮质类固醇、[21]Alavi IA, Sharma BK, Pillay VK. Steroid-induced diabetic ketoacidosis. Am J Med Sci. 1971 Jul;262(1):15-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4327634?tool=bestpractice.com 噻嗪类利尿剂、[22]Nardone DA, Bouma DJ. Hyperglycemia and diabetic coma: possible relationship to diuretic-propranolol therapy. South Med J. 1979 Dec;72(12):1607-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/515777?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Diamond MT. Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar coma associated with hydrochlorothiazide and pancreatitis. N Y State J Med. 1972 Jul 1;72(13):1741-2.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4504065?tool=bestpractice.com β 受体阻滞剂、[24]Podolsky S, Pattavina CG. Hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetic coma: a complication of propranolol therapy. Metabolism. 1973 May;22(5):685-93.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4145086?tool=bestpractice.com 和去羟肌苷[25]Munshi MN, Martin RE, Fonseca VA. Hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetic syndrome following treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection with didanosine. Diabetes Care. 1994 Apr;17(4):316-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8026288?tool=bestpractice.com 被认为可通过影响碳水化合物的代谢诱发 HHS。[7]Umpierrez GE, Smiley DD. Complications. In: Fonseca V, ed. Clinical diabetes. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2006:101-8.
与高血糖相关但不直接与 HHS 相关的药物包括苯妥英、[26]Carter BL, Small RE, Mandel MD, et al. Phenytoin-induced hyperglycemia. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1981 Oct;38(10):1508-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7294047?tool=bestpractice.com 加替沙星、[27]Yadav V, Deopujari K. Gatifloxacin and dysglycemia in older adults. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jun 22;354(25):2725-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16795151?tool=bestpractice.com 西咪替丁。[28]Reddy J. Hyperglycemia and renal failure related to the use of cimetidine. N Z Med J. 1981 May 27;93(684):354-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6942301?tool=bestpractice.com 已经发现在 HIV 门诊中药物诱导的高血糖病例日益增多;常见相关药物为甲地孕酮、戊烷脒和皮质类固醇。[29]Kilby JM, Tabereaux PB. Severe hyperglycemia in an HIV clinic: preexisting versus drug-associated diabetes mellitus. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1998 Jan 1;17(1):46-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9436758?tool=bestpractice.com 当联合使用这些药物时,患严重高血糖症的风险增加。[30]Gambini D, Brambilla AM, Galli C, et al. Increased hyperglycemia during cotreatment with pentamidine and corticosteroids in AIDS patients. AIDS. 1997 Nov;11(13):1652-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9365773?tool=bestpractice.com
非典型抗精神病药(尤其是氯氮平和奥氮平)也可能诱发糖尿病和高血糖危象。[31]Newcomer JW. Second generation (atypical) antipsychotics and metabolic effects: a comprehensive literature review. CNS Drugs. 2005;19(suppl 1):1-93.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15998156?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Wilson DR, D'Souza L, Sarkar N, et al. New-onset diabetes and ketoacidosis with atypical antipsychotics. Schizophr Res. 2003 Jan 1;59(1):1-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12413635?tool=bestpractice.com 可能的机制包括:诱导外周组织胰岛素抵抗;通过 5-HT1A/2A/2C 受体拮抗作用直接影响胰岛 β 细胞功能;通过 α2-肾上腺素受体或者毒性效应产生抑制作用。[7]Umpierrez GE, Smiley DD. Complications. In: Fonseca V, ed. Clinical diabetes. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2006:101-8.[32]Wilson DR, D'Souza L, Sarkar N, et al. New-onset diabetes and ketoacidosis with atypical antipsychotics. Schizophr Res. 2003 Jan 1;59(1):1-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12413635?tool=bestpractice.com