沙立度胺
沙立度胺具有抗血管生成性质，并抑制 HIV 复制。 在 KS 中使用沙立度胺的临床经验有限。[60]Little RF, Wyvill KM, Pluda JM, et al. Activity of thalidomide in AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. J Clin Oncol. 2000 Jul;18(13):2593-602.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10893291?tool=bestpractice.com
烟曲霉素
烟曲霉素是一种血管生成抑制剂，对艾滋病相关性 KS 患者具有潜在的疗效。[61]Dezube BJ, Von Roenn JH, Holden-Wiltse J, et al. Fumagillin analog in the treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma: a phase I AIDS Clinical Trial Group study. AIDS Clinical Trial Group No. 215 Team. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Apr;16(4):1444-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9552050?tool=bestpractice.com
COL-3 (Metastat®)
这是一种化学改性四环素，其功能如同基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂。 已在临床试验中证实了 COL-3 的抗肿瘤活性。[62]Dezube BJ, Krown SE, Lee JY, et al. Randomized phase II trial of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor COL-3 in AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma: an AIDS Malignancy Consortium Study. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Mar 20;24(9):1389-94.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/24/9/1389.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16549833?tool=bestpractice.com
伊马替尼
伊马替尼抑制血小板衍生生长因子 (platelet-derived growth factor, PDGF) 和 c-kit 受体，这两者是参与 KS 发生过程的受体酪氨酸激酶。伊马替尼已在艾滋病相关性 KS 患者中显示出潜在的疗效。[63]Koon HB, Bubley GJ, Pantanowitz L, et al. Imatinib-induced regression of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Feb 10;23(5):982-9.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/23/5/982.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15572730?tool=bestpractice.com
贝伐珠单抗
贝伐珠单抗是一种抗血管内皮生长因子 A (vascular endothelial growth factor A, VEGF-A) 的人源化单克隆抗体。它对 HIV 相关 KS 患者具有潜在优势。[64]Uldrick TS, Wyvill KM, Kumar P, et al. Phase II study of bevacizumab in patients with HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma receiving antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2012 May 1;30(13):1476-83.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/30/13/1476.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22430271?tool=bestpractice.com
派姆单抗
帕博利珠单抗是一种抗 PD1 抗体检查点抑制剂。其作用机制是阻断导致肿瘤耐药性的通路；该药物对经典型和非洲地方型 KS 的疗效正处于研究阶段。[65]Wang X, Bao Z, Zhang X, et al. Effectiveness and safety of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in the treatment of solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget. 2017 May 31;8(35):59901-14.http://www.oncotarget.com/index.php?journal=oncotarget&page=article&op=view&path[]=18316&path[]=58728http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28938692?tool=bestpractice.com[66]ClinicalTrials.gov. Phase II multicentric study of pembrolizumab in classic or endemic Kaposi's sarcoma (KAPKEY). Mar 2018 [internet publication].https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03469804
哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白 (mTOR) 抑制剂
mTOR 抑制剂西罗莫司已用于移植相关性 KS 患者，而它也可能对艾滋病相关性 KS 患者具有疗效。[67]Krown SE, Roy D, Lee JY, et al. Rapamycin with antiretroviral therapy in AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma: an AIDS Malignancy Consortium study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012 Apr 15;59(5):447-54.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3302934/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22067664?tool=bestpractice.com
泊马度胺
泊马度胺 (pomalidomide) 是一种抗血管生成的免疫调节剂，已在症状性 KS 患者中表现出潜在的疗效。[68]Polizzotto MN, Uldrick TS, Wyvill KM, et al. Pomalidomide for symptomatic Kaposi's sarcoma in people with and without HIV infection: a phase I/II study. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Dec;34(34):4125-31.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2016.69.3812http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27863194?tool=bestpractice.com 正在研究将其用作症状性 KS 的单药治疗，也正在研究对于晚期或难治性 KS 将其与多柔比星脂质体联用。[68]Polizzotto MN, Uldrick TS, Wyvill KM, et al. Pomalidomide for symptomatic Kaposi's sarcoma in people with and without HIV infection: a phase I/II study. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Dec;34(34):4125-31.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2016.69.3812http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27863194?tool=bestpractice.com[69]ClinicalTrials.gov. Pomalidomide in combination with liposomal doxorubicin in people with advanced or refractory Kaposi sarcoma. Nov 2017 [internet publication].https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02659930
肝配蛋白 B 受体 4-人血清白蛋白 (EphB4-HSA)
一种重组融合蛋白，包含人受体酪氨酸激酶肝配蛋白 B 受体 4 (human receptor tyrosine kinase ephrin type-B receptor 4, EphB4) 的全长胞外域（可溶的）及全长人血清白蛋白 (human serum albumin, HSA)。它具有抗血管生成特性，正在研究将其用于治疗 KS。[70]ClinicalTrials.gov. sEphB4-HSA in treating patients with Kaposi sarcoma. Mar 2018 [internet publication].https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02799485
9-顺式维甲酸
9-顺式维甲酸是一种抗肿瘤药物，已在艾滋病相关性 KS 患者中显示出潜在的疗效，但大剂量时可能具有毒性。[71]Miles SA, Dezube BJ, Lee JY, et al; AIDS Malignancy Consortium. Antitumor activity of oral 9-cis-Retinoic acid in HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. AIDS. 2002 Feb 15;16(3):421-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11834954?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Aboulafia DM, Norris D, Henry D, et al. 9-cis-retinoic acid capsules in the treatment of AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma: results of a phase 2 multicenter clinical trial. Arch Dermatol. 2003 Feb;139(2):178-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12588223?tool=bestpractice.com
白细胞介素-12
白细胞介素-12 具有抗血管生成特性，已在艾滋病相关性 KS 患者中显示出潜在的疗效。[73]Little RF, Pluda JM, Wyvill KM, et al. Activity of subcutaneous interleukin-12 in AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma. Blood. 2006 Jun 15;107(12):4650-7.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/107/12/4650.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16507779?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Little RF, Aleman K, Kumar P, et al. Phase 2 study of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in combination with interleukin-12 for AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma. Blood. 2007 Dec 15;110(13):4165-71.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/110/13/4165.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17846226?tool=bestpractice.com
人绒毛膜促性腺激素
人绒毛膜促性腺激素已在艾滋病相关性 KS 患者中显示出潜在的疗效。[75]Gill PS, Lunardi-Ishkandar Y, Louie S, et al. The effects of preparations of human chorionic gonadotropin on AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. N Engl J Med. 1996 Oct 24;335(17):1261-9.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM199610243351702http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8857005?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Gill PS, McLaughlin T, Espina BM, et al. Phase I study of human chorionic gonadotropin given subcutaneously to patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related mucocutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997 Dec 3;89(23):1797-802.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9392621?tool=bestpractice.com
奈非那韦
奈非那韦 (nelfinavir) 是一种蛋白酶抑制剂，正在研究将其用于治疗 KS。[77]ClinicalTrials.gov. Nelfinavir mesylate in treating patients with Kaposi sarcoma. Apr 2018 [internet publication].https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03077451
