全身疗法
全身疗法适应证包括:
泛发皮肤受累(25 处以上皮肤病损)
广泛性口腔疾病
症状性水肿
快速进展性疾病
症状性内脏疾病
KS 复发(加重)。
脂质体蒽环被用作一线治疗。[36]Krown SE, Northfelt DW, Osoba D, et al. Use of liposomal anthracyclines in Kaposi's sarcoma. Semin Oncol. 2004 Dec;31(6 suppl 13):36-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15717737?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Gill PS, Wernz J, Scadden DT, et al. Randomized phase III trial of liposomal daunorubicin versus doxorubicin, bleomycin, and vincristine in AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. J Clin Oncol. 1996 Aug;14(8):2353-64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8708728?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Raimundo KP, Asche CV. A review of the efficacy and outcomes studies of currently approved chemotherapy treatments for advanced AIDS-Kaposi's sarcoma. HIV AIDS Rev. 2011;10:56-60.系统 KS 治疗:高质量证据表明,脂质体蒽环类药物用于 KS 的一线系统治疗有效。[37]Gill PS, Wernz J, Scadden DT, et al. Randomized phase III trial of liposomal daunorubicin versus doxorubicin, bleomycin, and vincristine in AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. J Clin Oncol. 1996 Aug;14(8):2353-64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8708728?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 而紫杉醇是一种有效的二线治疗药物。[39]Dhillon T, Stebbing J, Bower M. Paclitaxel for AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2005 Apr;5(2):215-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15877519?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Gill PS, Tulpule A, Espina BM, et al. Paclitaxel is safe and effective in the treatment of advanced AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. J Clin Oncol. 1999 Jun;17(6):1876-83.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10561228?tool=bestpractice.com晚期 KS 治疗:中等质量证据表明,紫杉醇在晚期 KS 治疗和 KS 复治中有效且具良好耐受性。[40]Gill PS, Tulpule A, Espina BM, et al. Paclitaxel is safe and effective in the treatment of advanced AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. J Clin Oncol. 1999 Jun;17(6):1876-83.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10561228?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 长春瑞滨、依托泊苷、吉西他滨或干扰素 α 可能对一线和二线治疗失败的患者有效。[41]Nasti G, Errante D, Talamini R, et al. Vinorelbine is an effective and safe drug for AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma: results of a phase II study. J Clin Oncol. 2000 Apr;18(7):1550-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10735904?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Krueter A, Rasokat H, Klouche N, et al. Liposomal pegylated doxorubicin versus low-dose recombinant interferon alfa-2a in the treatment of advanced classic Kaposi's sarcoma: retrospective analysis of three German centers. Cancer Invest. 2005;23(8):653-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16377582?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Krown SE, Li P, Von Roenn JH, et al. Efficacy of low-dose interferon with antiretroviral therapy in Kaposi's sarcoma: a randomized phase II AIDS clinical trials group study. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2002 Mar;22(3):295-303.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12034036?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Evans SR, Krown SE, Testa MA, et al. Phase II evaluation of low-dose oral etoposide for the treatment of relapsed or progressive AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma: an AIDS Clinical Trials Group clinical study. J Clin Oncol. 2002 Aug 1;20(15):3236-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12149296?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Strother RM, Gregory KM, Pastakia SD, et al. Retrospective analysis of the efficacy of gemcitabine for previously treated AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma in western Kenya. Oncology. 2010;78(1):5-11.https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/292356http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20215784?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Brambilla L, Recalcati S, Tourlaki A. Vinorelbine therapy in classic Kaposi's sarcoma: a retrospective study of 20 patients. Eur J Dermatol. 2015 Nov-Dec;25(6):535-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26552718?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Tas F, Sen F, Keskin S, et al. Oral etoposide as first-line therapy in the treatment of patients with advanced classic Kaposi's sarcoma (CKS): a single-arm trial (oral etoposide in CKS). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013 Jun;27(6):789-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22188463?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Brambilla L, Labianca R, Ferrucci SM, et al. Treatment of classical Kaposi's sarcoma with gemcitabine. Dermatology. 2001;202(2):119-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11306832?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Tur E, Brenner S, Michalevicz R. Low dose recombinant interferon alfa treatment for classic Kaposi's sarcoma. Arch Dermatol. 1993 Oct;129(10):1297-300.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8215494?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Costa da Cunha CS, Lebbe C, Rybojad M, et al. Long-term follow-up of non-HIV Kaposi's sarcoma treated with low-dose recombinant interferon alfa-2b. Arch Dermatol. 1996 Mar;132(3):285-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8607632?tool=bestpractice.com晚期、复治性和艾滋病相关 KS 治疗:中等质量证据表明,长春瑞滨可安全有效地用于治疗在之前已利用一种或多种化疗方法进行治疗的晚期 KS 患者。[41]Nasti G, Errante D, Talamini R, et al. Vinorelbine is an effective and safe drug for AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma: results of a phase II study. J Clin Oncol. 2000 Apr;18(7):1550-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10735904?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
无论 CD4 计数如何,都强烈建议对所有 HIV 感染者启动抗逆转录病毒治疗 (ART)。[16]Department of Health and Human Services panel on antiretroviral guidelines for adults and adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in adults and adolescents living with HIV. Mar 2018 [internet publication].https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/1/adult-and-adolescent-arv/0[51]World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: recommendations for a public health approach - second edition, 2016. Jun 2016 [internet publication].http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/208825/9789241549684_eng.pdf使用 ART 让 HIV 感染得到最佳控制是艾滋病相关 KS 治疗的关键组成部分。一项前瞻性研究显示,按照分期分层法管理艾滋病相关 KS 患者获得了有益的结果。[52]Bower M, Dalla Pria A, Coyle C, et al. Prospective stage-stratified approach to AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Feb 10;32(5):409-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24378415?tool=bestpractice.com 该研究对有早期 KS 的 HIV 感染者单独采用 ART,而对有晚期 KS 的 HIV 感染者采用脂质体蒽环类药物加 ART。结果表明,晚期 KS 和早期 KS 患者的存活率均较高,并且减少了早期 KS 患者的化疗暴露。一篇Cochrane 综述也支持该疗法,其结果发现,对于严重或进展性 KS 患者,相比单独 ART 治疗,ART 加化疗可能减缓疾病进展。[53]Gbabe OF, Okwundu CI, Dedicoat M, et al. Treatment of severe or progressive Kaposi's sarcoma in HIV-infected adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(9):CD003256.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003256.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25313415?tool=bestpractice.com对于接受 ART 治疗的患者,未观察到化疗方案(包括多柔比星脂质体、柔红霉素脂质体与紫杉醇)之间存在效能差异。[53]Gbabe OF, Okwundu CI, Dedicoat M, et al. Treatment of severe or progressive Kaposi's sarcoma in HIV-infected adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(9):CD003256.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003256.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25313415?tool=bestpractice.com
考虑调整医源性和移植相关 KS 的免疫抑制治疗。对于肾移植受者,如果可进行透析,则可选择停止免疫抑制治疗。[5]Mbulaiteye SM, Engels EA. Kaposi's sarcoma risk among transplant recipients in the United States (1993-2003). Int J Cancer. 2006 Dec 1;119(11):2685-91.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijc.22233/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16929513?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Shepherd FA, Maher E, Cardella C, et al. Treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma after solid organ transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 1997 Jun;15(6):2371-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9196152?tool=bestpractice.com对于心脏或肝脏移植患者,可能更难调整免疫抑制药物剂量。对于移植后 KS 患者,应考虑使用西罗莫司进行治疗。[6]Hosseini-Moghaddam SM, Soleimanirahbar A, Mazzulli T, et al. Post renal transplantation Kaposi's sarcoma: a review of its epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical aspects, and therapy. Transpl Infect Dis. 2012 Aug;14(4):338-45.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22316356?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Lebbé C, Euvrard S, Barrou B, et al. Sirolimus conversion for patients with posttransplant Kaposi's sarcoma. Am J Transplant. 2006 Sep;6(9):2164-8.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01412.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16780549?tool=bestpractice.com移植相关 KS 治疗:中等质量证据表明,西罗莫司可用于移植后 KS,但作用机制仍需充分的药效学研究来加以澄清,且最佳剂量需进一步试验来加以评估。[55]Lebbé C, Euvrard S, Barrou B, et al. Sirolimus conversion for patients with posttransplant Kaposi's sarcoma. Am J Transplant. 2006 Sep;6(9):2164-8.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01412.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16780549?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
National Cancer Institute: drugs approved for Kaposi sarcoma