咽鼓管功能障碍导致的中耳腔负压(类似真空)将鼓膜局部吸入中耳,最终形成鼓膜内陷袋。[23]Isaacson G. Diagnosis of pediatric cholesteatoma. Pediatrics. 2007 Sep;120(3):603-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17766534?tool=bestpractice.com这些囊袋最初可以自我清洁。根据严重程度分级或分期:[24]Sade J, Halevy A. The natural history of chronic otitis media. J Laryngol Otol. 1976 Aug;90(8):743-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/956712?tool=bestpractice.com
第一期:鼓膜内陷
第二期:内陷至砧骨
第三期:中耳不张
第四期:黏连性中耳炎。
发现内陷囊袋通时常被认为处于成人或儿童后天性胆脂瘤的初期,但难以预测哪些囊袋会发展成胆脂瘤。[25]Hamilton J. Chronic otitis media in childhood. In: Gleeson M, ed. Scott-Brown's otorhinolaryngology: head and neck surgery. 7th ed. London: Edward Arnold Ltd; 2008:928-965.
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 上鼓室内陷袋(中耳上部分)来自 Susan Douglas 医生的个人教学集锦 [Citation ends]. 临床和组织学证据表明,儿童胆脂瘤往往更具侵袭性。[17]Nevoux J, Lenoir M, Roger G, et al. Childhood cholesteatoma. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 2010 Sep;127(4):143-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20860924?tool=bestpractice.com囊袋颈部可能缩窄并聚集鳞状细胞,伴角蛋白堆积和滞留;这些增生导致扩张和胆脂瘤的形成。[4]Semaan MT, Megerian CA. The pathophysiology of cholesteatoma. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2006 Dec;39(6):1143-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17097438?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 上鼓室(中耳上部分)胆脂瘤来自 Susan Douglas 医生的个人教学集锦 [Citation ends].在松弛部短暂缺陷或紧张部穿孔(边缘穿孔)周边可能会出现角质向中耳腔呈乳头样迁徙的情况。由松弛部的角化上皮基质增殖的情况较少见。[26]Ruedi L. Cholesteatoma formation in the middle ear in animal experiments. Acta Otolaryngol. 1959 May-Aug;50(3-4):233-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13660782?tool=bestpractice.com堆集碎片中的细菌和超感染形成生物膜并引起慢性感染和上皮细胞增殖,[27]Chole RA, Faddis BT. Evidence for microbial biofilms in cholesteatomas. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002 Oct;128(10):1129-33.http://archotol.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=483092http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12365883?tool=bestpractice.com 导致病变损伤扩大和胆脂瘤形成。[4]Semaan MT, Megerian CA. The pathophysiology of cholesteatoma. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2006 Dec;39(6):1143-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17097438?tool=bestpractice.com常涉及铜绿假单细胞菌 菌株感染。[28]Wang EW, Jung JY, Pashia ME, et al. Otopathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains as competent biofilm formers. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005 Nov;131(11):983-9.http://archotol.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=649731http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16301370?tool=bestpractice.com
一旦形成,胆脂瘤囊袋便与酶解性骨破坏有关,细胞因子诱导的炎性改变激活了破骨细胞和溶菌酶。[29]Schonermark M, Mester B, Kempf HG, et al. Expression of matrix-metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in human cholesteatomas. Acta Otolaryngol. 1996 May;116(3):451-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8790747?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Schmidt M, Grunsfelder P, Hoppe F. Up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in middle ear cholesteatoma: correlations with growth factor expression in vivo? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2001 Nov;258(9):472-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11769995?tool=bestpractice.com 胆脂瘤通常导致听小骨破坏,造成传导性听觉受损,并可能与半规管(导致眩晕)、耳蜗(导致感音神经性听力受损)以及面神经管(导致面瘫)的破坏有关。
先天性胆脂瘤可能表现为完整鼓膜时的表皮样囊肿。往往发现于中耳前上方。常出现于咽鼓管口上方,并在早期阻塞咽鼓管导致中耳积液。[23]Isaacson G. Diagnosis of pediatric cholesteatoma. Pediatrics. 2007 Sep;120(3):603-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17766534?tool=bestpractice.com但是,随着时间的推移,囊肿可破溃并表现为后天性胆脂瘤。[25]Hamilton J. Chronic otitis media in childhood. In: Gleeson M, ed. Scott-Brown's otorhinolaryngology: head and neck surgery. 7th ed. London: Edward Arnold Ltd; 2008:928-965.