手术是胆脂瘤的彻底治疗方法。
完壁式乳突切除术可去除胆脂瘤,但保留完整的耳道壁。该手术包括去除面神经和耳囊外侧的乳突气房,保留完整的外耳道后部和上部。[48]Bennett M, Warren F, Haynes D. Indications and technique in mastoidectomy. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2006 Dec;39(6):1095-113.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17097435?tool=bestpractice.com9~12 个月后有必要进行再次手术探查术,以确保胆脂瘤未复发。另外,非平面回波弥散加权的 MRI 可用于某些患者。[35]De Foer B, Vercruysse JP, Bernaerts A, et al. Middle ear cholesteatoma: non-echo-planar diffusion-weighted MR imaging versus delayed gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted MR imaging - value in detection. Radiology. 2010 Jun;255(3):866-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20501723?tool=bestpractice.com[36]De Foer B, Vercruysse JP, Bernaerts A, et al. Detection of postoperative residual cholesteatoma with non-echo-planar diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Otol Neurotol. 2008 Jun;29(4):513-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18520587?tool=bestpractice.com需对患者进行持续随访。[51]Schwartz KM, Lane JI, Bolster BD Jr, et al. The utility of diffusion-weighted imaging for cholesteatoma evaluation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2011 Mar;32(3):430-6.http://www.ajnr.org/cgi/reprint/32/3/430http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20488909?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Khemani S, Singh A, Lingam RK, et al. Imaging of postoperative middle ear cholesteatoma. Clin Radiol. 2011 Aug;66(8):760-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21524417?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Clark MP, Westerberg BD, Fenton DM. The ongoing dilemma of residual cholesteatoma detection: are current magnetic resonance imaging techniques good enough? J Laryngol Otol. 2010 Dec;124(12):1300-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20202277?tool=bestpractice.com对儿童通常首选该技术,因其避免了乳突腔的长期并发症。
不保留外耳道后壁的乳突切除术旨在通过向后磨开上鼓室外侧壁以清除病灶。所得腔的大小取决于胆脂瘤的范围。产生最小乳突腔的微创手术称为上鼓室切开或上鼓室鼓窦切开术;破坏性较大、产生较大乳突腔手术称为改良乳突根治术。不保留外耳道后壁的乳突切除术可用于检查乳突腔的复发情况,但若上鼓室已重构,则检查中耳是否存在复发性疾病可能需要进行再次手术探查术。
内窥镜的使用已表现出对胆脂瘤的治疗有积极的作用,建议在术中使用。[43]Lima Tde O, Araújo TF, Soares LC, et al. The impact of endoscopy on the treatment of cholesteatomas. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2013 Aug;79(4):505-11.http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1808-86942013000400019&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=enhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23929154?tool=bestpractice.com
中耳手术麻醉过程中常需控制性降压。一项研究表明,硫酸镁或芬太尼联合七氟醚均可用于此目的,但硫酸镁对于术后镇痛、减少颤抖以及减少术后恶心和呕吐的疗效更佳。[44]Ryu JH, Sohn IS, Do SH. Controlled hypotension for middle ear surgery: a comparison between remifentanil and magnesium sulphate. Br J Anaesth. 2009 Oct;103(4):490-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19687032?tool=bestpractice.com
研究还表明,在控制术后恶心和呕吐方面,地塞米松(仅在诱导前给药)8 mg 比 4 mg 更有效,且患者对术后镇痛的需求更少。[45]Fujii Y, Nakayama M. Dexamethasone for the reduction of postoperative nausea and vomiting and analgesic requirements after middle ear surgery in adult Japanese patients. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2009 Jun;31(5):337-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19649341?tool=bestpractice.com此外,地塞米松和咪达唑仑联用也可减少术后恶心和呕吐。[46]Yeo J, Jung J, Ryu T, et al. Antiemetic efficacy of dexamethasone combined with midazolam after middle ear surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009 Dec;141(6):684-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19932838?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Makhdoom NK, Farid MF. Prophylactic antiemetic effects of midazolam, dexamethasone, and its combination after middle ear surgery. Saudi Med J. 2009 Apr;30(4):504-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370276?tool=bestpractice.com