治疗的主要目标是降低肌张力障碍的严重程度, 可达到以下效果:
功能改善(如驾驶时轻松转头的能力)
疼痛缓解
生活质量提高。
次要目标包括:
但凡症状损害身体机能,或导致患者严重苦恼,即需要进行治疗。 如果患者因获得性斜颈主诉而前来就诊,通常是达到需要治疗的标准的。 但是,临床医生偶然察觉到的获得性斜颈可能不需要治疗。
虽然关于将物理治疗用作辅助治疗的可靠临床证据仍不足,但是少量研究已经证实物理治疗是有益的,[16]Delnooz CC, Horstink MW, Tijssen MA, van de Warrenburg BP. Paramedical treatment in primary dystonia: a systematic review. Mov Disord. 2009 Nov 15;24(15):2187-98.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19839012?tool=bestpractice.com 对于所有患者,都应考虑该治疗
肉毒素
肉毒毒素通过抑制乙酰胆碱的突触前释放,阻断神经肌肉传递而发挥作用。尚不完全清楚肉毒毒素治疗获得性斜颈的临床疗效机制,可能涉及感觉(肌梭)及运动信号传递的阻断。目前已确定有 7 种肉毒毒素亚型;但是目前仅将亚型 A 和 B 用于治疗。尚无令人信服的数据证明哪一种制剂的疗效更好。[17]Duarte GS, Castelão M, Rodrigues FB, et al. Botulinum toxin type A versus botulinum toxin type B for cervical dystonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Oct 26;(10):CD004314.www.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004314.pub3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27782297?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Comella CL, Jankovic J, Shannon KM, et al. Comparison of botulinum toxin serotypes A and B for the treatment of cervical dystonia. Neurology. 2005 Nov 8;65(9):1423-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16275831?tool=bestpractice.com重要的是治疗和转诊临床医生认识到不同制剂之间的剂量是不同的。
肌肉注射肉毒杆菌毒素已证实对于获得性斜颈的疗效最佳。 [
]What are the benefits and harms of botulinum toxin type B in people with cervical dystonia?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1331/full显示答案 反复注射 A 型肉毒毒素 7 年后,证明了其在降低肌张力障碍严重程度方面的持续有效性。[19]Camargo CH, Teive HA, Becker N, et al. Botulinum toxin type A and cervical dystonia: a seven-year follow-up. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2011 Oct;69(5):745-50.http://www.scielo.br/pdf/anp/v69n5/a03v69n5.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22042174?tool=bestpractice.com 肉毒毒素注射被欧洲神经病学学会联盟视为治疗获得性斜颈的一线治疗,美国神经病学学会同样建议通过注射肉毒毒素来治疗获得性斜颈。[15]Albanese A, Asmus F, Bhatia KP, et al. EFNS guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of primary dystonias. Eur J Neurol. 2011 Jan;18(1):5-18.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03042.x/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20482602?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Simpson DM, Hallett M, Ashman EJ, et al. Practice guideline update summary: botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, adult spasticity, and headache - report of the guideline development subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2016 May 10;86(19):1818-26.http://www.neurology.org/content/86/19/1818.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27164716?tool=bestpractice.com
安慰剂对照的试验已经证明,A 型和 B 型肉毒毒素可产生显著的益处。 此外,还发现肉毒毒素的疗效明显比口服苯海索治疗好得多。[20]Simpson DM, Hallett M, Ashman EJ, et al. Practice guideline update summary: botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, adult spasticity, and headache - report of the guideline development subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2016 May 10;86(19):1818-26.http://www.neurology.org/content/86/19/1818.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27164716?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Brans JW, Lindeboom R, Snoek JW, et al. Botulinum toxin versus trihexyphenidyl in cervical dystonia: a prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Neurology. 1996 Apr;46(4):1066-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8780093?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Brashear A. Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of patients with cervical dystonia. Biologics. 2009;3:1-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2726049/pdf/btt-3-001.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19707390?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Truong D, Duane DD, Jankovic J, et al. Efficacy and safety of botulinum type A toxin (Dysport) in cervical dystonia: results of the first US randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Mov Disord. 2005 Jul;20(7):783-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15736159?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Comella CL, Jankovic J, Truong DD, et al. Efficacy and safety of incobotulinumtoxinA (NT 201, XEOMIN(®), botulinum neurotoxin type A, without accessory proteins) in patients with cervical dystonia. J Neurol Sci. 2011 Sep 15;308(1-2):103-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21764407?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Marques RE, Duarte GS, Rodrigues FB, et al. Botulinum toxin type B for cervical dystonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 May 13;(5):CD004315.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004315.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27176573?tool=bestpractice.com残疾和一般健康状况改善:根据西多伦多医院痉挛性斜颈评定量表 (TWSTRS) 测定的中等质量的证据表明,相比于口服苯海索治疗的患者,进行肉毒毒素治疗的患者的残疾症状和一般健康状况有显著改善。[21]Brans JW, Lindeboom R, Snoek JW, et al. Botulinum toxin versus trihexyphenidyl in cervical dystonia: a prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Neurology. 1996 Apr;46(4):1066-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8780093?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
根据美国神经病学学会的建议,A 型肉毒毒素 (abobotulinumtoxinA) 和 B 型肉毒毒素 (rimabotulinumtoxinB) 是已得到证实的颈部肌张力障碍有效治疗药物,治疗时应当予以采用,同时 A 型肉毒杆菌素 (onabotulinumtoxinA) 和 incobotulinumtoxinA 很可能有效,治疗时应当加以考虑。[20]Simpson DM, Hallett M, Ashman EJ, et al. Practice guideline update summary: botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, adult spasticity, and headache - report of the guideline development subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2016 May 10;86(19):1818-26.http://www.neurology.org/content/86/19/1818.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27164716?tool=bestpractice.com
头对头随机试验比较了 A 型肉毒毒素与 B 型肉毒毒素。经证明二者有效性没有显著差异。[18]Comella CL, Jankovic J, Shannon KM, et al. Comparison of botulinum toxin serotypes A and B for the treatment of cervical dystonia. Neurology. 2005 Nov 8;65(9):1423-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16275831?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Pappert EJ, Germanson T; Myobloc/Neurobloc European Cervical Dystonia Study Group. Botulinum toxin type B vs. type A in toxin-naive patients with cervical dystonia: randomized, double-blind, noninferiority trial. Mov Disord. 2008 Mar 15;23(4):510-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18098274?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Castelão M, Marques RE, Duarte GS, et al. Botulinum toxin type A therapy for cervical dystonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Dec 12;(12):CD003633.www.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003633.pub3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29230798?tool=bestpractice.com西多伦多医院痉挛性斜颈评定量表 (TWSTRS) 症状得分和疗效持续时间提高:有中等质量的证据表明,就未曾进行毒素注射治疗的颈肌张力障碍患者注射治疗 4 周后的症状缓解程度而言,B 型肉毒杆菌毒素疗法 1 的疗效并不弱于 A 型肉毒杆菌毒素疗法 1。 两种疗法的疗效持续时间类似。[18]Comella CL, Jankovic J, Shannon KM, et al. Comparison of botulinum toxin serotypes A and B for the treatment of cervical dystonia. Neurology. 2005 Nov 8;65(9):1423-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16275831?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Pappert EJ, Germanson T; Myobloc/Neurobloc European Cervical Dystonia Study Group. Botulinum toxin type B vs. type A in toxin-naive patients with cervical dystonia: randomized, double-blind, noninferiority trial. Mov Disord. 2008 Mar 15;23(4):510-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18098274?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 在使用 B 型肉毒毒素时,口干是较频繁发生的不良事件。
一项 Cochrane 评价发现,与安慰剂相比,A 型肉毒毒素注射治疗可使颈部肌张力障碍出现客观和主观改善;但是,数据不足以评估长期疗效。[27]Castelão M, Marques RE, Duarte GS, et al. Botulinum toxin type A therapy for cervical dystonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Dec 12;(12):CD003633.www.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003633.pub3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29230798?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How does botulinum toxin A compare with placebo in people with cervical dystonia?https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2053/full显示答案
Cochrane 评价发现 B 型肉毒素与 A 型肉毒素的疗效无显著差异;然而,使用 B 型肉毒素治疗会增加咽喉痛/口干的风险。[17]Duarte GS, Castelão M, Rodrigues FB, et al. Botulinum toxin type A versus botulinum toxin type B for cervical dystonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Oct 26;(10):CD004314.www.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004314.pub3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27782297?tool=bestpractice.com
虽然大多数关于肉毒素注射疗效的证据都来自针对特发性孤立性颈部肌张力障碍的试验,但针对脑性瘫痪患者颈部肌张力障碍的小型试验已显示出相似的疗效。[28]Yi YG, Kim K, Yi Y, et al. Botulinum toxin type A injection for cervical dystonia in adults with dyskinetic cerebral palsy. Toxins (Basel). 2018 May 16;10(5):E203.www.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10050203http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29772695?tool=bestpractice.com
需要考虑的肌肉注射肉毒毒素的技术因素包括:
临床疗效通常会持续 3-4 个月。[29]Marsh WA, Monroe DM, Brin MF, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the duration of clinical effect of onabotulinumtoxinA in cervical dystonia. BMC Neurol. 2014 Apr 27;14:91.http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2377/14/91http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24767576?tool=bestpractice.com
通常每隔 3-4 个月注射一次。[29]Marsh WA, Monroe DM, Brin MF, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the duration of clinical effect of onabotulinumtoxinA in cervical dystonia. BMC Neurol. 2014 Apr 27;14:91.http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2377/14/91http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24767576?tool=bestpractice.com
有些临床医师主张使用肌电图来定位需要注射的肌肉。此项技术对深层肌肉或小肌肉注射特别有帮助。有限的证据表明,使用肌电图指导可以改善结局。[30]Nijmeijer SW, Koelman JH, Kamphuis DJ, et al. Muscle selection for treatment of cervical dystonia with botulinum toxin-a systematic review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012 Jul;18(6):731-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22575237?tool=bestpractice.com
Cochrane 评价发现没有足够的证据来评估肌电图指导技术的益处。[27]Castelão M, Marques RE, Duarte GS, et al. Botulinum toxin type A therapy for cervical dystonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Dec 12;(12):CD003633.www.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003633.pub3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29230798?tool=bestpractice.com
肌内注射肉毒毒素的副作用与诱发的肌无力相关,可能包括注入颈部肌肉后弥散至咽部肌肉,造成严重吞咽困难,或者全身摄取毒素后导致轻度肉毒杆菌中毒(吞咽困难是早期症状)。 相比使用安慰剂,接受 B 型肉毒毒素治疗的患者,口干和吞咽困难的风险升高。[25]Marques RE, Duarte GS, Rodrigues FB, et al. Botulinum toxin type B for cervical dystonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 May 13;(5):CD004315.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004315.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27176573?tool=bestpractice.com 目前正在研究超声引导的胸锁乳突肌内注射,以探讨此疗法是否可以降低吞咽困难的风险。[31]Hong JS, Sathe GG, Niyonkuru C, et al. Elimination of dysphagia using ultrasound guidance for botulinum toxin injections in cervical dystonia. Muscle Nerve. 2012 Oct;46(4):535-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22987694?tool=bestpractice.com
虽然人们对 A 型肉毒素的中和抗体心存担忧,但是抗体产生的发生率较低(<2%)。使用最低有效剂量的肉毒素,并确保注射间隔时间大于等于 3 个月,即可减少抗体生成的风险。[32]Swope D, Barbano R. Treatment recommendations and practical applications of botulinum toxin treatment of cervical dystonia. Neurol Clin. 2008 May;26(suppl 1):54-65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18603168?tool=bestpractice.com 一旦有抗体产生,即表示毒素注射治疗失效。 但是,一些已证实有 A 型肉毒毒素抗体的患者对注射依然具有临床反应。[33]Coleman C, Hubble J, Schwab J, et al. Immunoresistance in cervical dystonia patients after treatment with abobotulinumtoxinA. Int J Neurosci. 2012 Jul;122(7):358-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22356470?tool=bestpractice.com
随机交叉临床试验结果表明,联合使用锻炼计划和生物反馈的疗效优于仅注射肉毒毒素。[34]Tassorelli C, Mancini F, Balloni L, et al. Botulinum toxin and neuromotor rehabilitation: an integrated approach to idiopathic cervical dystonia. Mov Disord. 2006 Dec;21(12):2240-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17029278?tool=bestpractice.com临床受益的持续时间、重新进行肉毒毒素注射治疗的剂量要求:有质量不佳的证据表明,联合应用涉及被动伸展、主动伸展、强化锻炼的锻炼计划以及 A 型肉毒毒素注射治疗生物反馈,可以导致感知疗效延长,肉毒毒素累积剂量减少。[34]Tassorelli C, Mancini F, Balloni L, et al. Botulinum toxin and neuromotor rehabilitation: an integrated approach to idiopathic cervical dystonia. Mov Disord. 2006 Dec;21(12):2240-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17029278?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
2008 年报道了脑性瘫痪患儿使用肉毒素后出现严重不良反应,[35]Apkon SD, Cassidy D. Safety considerations in the use of botulinum toxins in children with cerebral palsy. PM R. 2010 Apr;2(4):282-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20430330?tool=bestpractice.com 之后美国食品药品监督管理局审查了肉毒素产品的安全性。这些产品目前附加了黑框警告,突出显示局部注射可能有肉毒中毒的潜在风险。[36]US Food and Drug Administration. Botox (onabotulinumtoxinA) FDA drug safety communication. August 2009 [internet publication].https://m.pdr.net/fda-drug-safety-communication/botox?druglabelid=52&id=5221