针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐
第一选择
A 型肉毒杆菌毒素
:
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A 型肉毒杆菌毒素
不能和其他类型的肉毒制剂交换使用
或
B 型肉毒毒素
:
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B 型肉毒毒素
不能和其他类型的肉毒制剂交换使用
肌肉注射肉毒杆菌毒素已证实对于获得性斜颈的疗效最佳。 [
]What are the benefits and harms of botulinum toxin type B in people with cervical dystonia?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1331/full显示答案 7 年反复注射 A 型肉毒毒素治疗的研究结果已经证实其在降低肌张力障碍严重程度方面具有疗效。[19]Camargo CH, Teive HA, Becker N, et al. Botulinum toxin type A and cervical dystonia: a seven-year follow-up. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2011 Oct;69(5):745-50.http://www.scielo.br/pdf/anp/v69n5/a03v69n5.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22042174?tool=bestpractice.com 肉毒毒素注射被欧洲神经病学学会联盟视为治疗获得性斜颈的一线疗法,美国神经病学学会同样建议通过注射肉毒毒素来治疗获得性斜颈。[15]Albanese A, Asmus F, Bhatia KP, et al. EFNS guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of primary dystonias. Eur J Neurol. 2011 Jan;18(1):5-18.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03042.x/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20482602?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Simpson DM, Hallett M, Ashman EJ, et al. Practice guideline update summary: botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, adult spasticity, and headache - report of the guideline development subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2016 May 10;86(19):1818-26.http://www.neurology.org/content/86/19/1818.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27164716?tool=bestpractice.com
安慰剂对照的试验已经证明,A 型和 B 型肉毒毒素可产生显著的益处。[27]Castelão M, Marques RE, Duarte GS, et al. Botulinum toxin type A therapy for cervical dystonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Dec 12;(12):CD003633.www.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003633.pub3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29230798?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Lew MF, Brashear A, Factor S. The safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin type B in the treatment of patients with cervical dystonia: summary of three controlled clinical trials. Neurology. 2000;55(12 suppl 5):S29-35.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11188982?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How does botulinum toxin A compare with placebo in people with cervical dystonia?https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2053/full显示答案单位剂量不相等/不能互换。此外,还发现肉毒素的疗效明显比口服苯海索治疗好得多。[20]Simpson DM, Hallett M, Ashman EJ, et al. Practice guideline update summary: botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, adult spasticity, and headache - report of the guideline development subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2016 May 10;86(19):1818-26.http://www.neurology.org/content/86/19/1818.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27164716?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Brans JW, Lindeboom R, Snoek JW, et al. Botulinum toxin versus trihexyphenidyl in cervical dystonia: a prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Neurology. 1996 Apr;46(4):1066-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8780093?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Brashear A. Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of patients with cervical dystonia. Biologics. 2009;3:1-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2726049/pdf/btt-3-001.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19707390?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Truong D, Duane DD, Jankovic J, et al. Efficacy and safety of botulinum type A toxin (Dysport) in cervical dystonia: results of the first US randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Mov Disord. 2005 Jul;20(7):783-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15736159?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Comella CL, Jankovic J, Truong DD, et al. Efficacy and safety of incobotulinumtoxinA (NT 201, XEOMIN(®), botulinum neurotoxin type A, without accessory proteins) in patients with cervical dystonia. J Neurol Sci. 2011 Sep 15;308(1-2):103-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21764407?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Marques RE, Duarte GS, Rodrigues FB, et al. Botulinum toxin type B for cervical dystonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 May 13;(5):CD004315.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004315.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27176573?tool=bestpractice.com残疾和一般健康状况改善:根据西多伦多医院痉挛性斜颈评定量表 (TWSTRS) 测定的中等质量的证据表明,相比于口服苯海索治疗的患者,进行肉毒毒素治疗的患者的残疾症状和一般健康状况有显著改善。[21]Brans JW, Lindeboom R, Snoek JW, et al. Botulinum toxin versus trihexyphenidyl in cervical dystonia: a prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Neurology. 1996 Apr;46(4):1066-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8780093?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 未发现 A 型肉毒毒素和 B 型肉毒毒素的有效性存在显著差异。[18]Comella CL, Jankovic J, Shannon KM, et al. Comparison of botulinum toxin serotypes A and B for the treatment of cervical dystonia. Neurology. 2005 Nov 8;65(9):1423-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16275831?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Pappert EJ, Germanson T; Myobloc/Neurobloc European Cervical Dystonia Study Group. Botulinum toxin type B vs. type A in toxin-naive patients with cervical dystonia: randomized, double-blind, noninferiority trial. Mov Disord. 2008 Mar 15;23(4):510-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18098274?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Castelão M, Marques RE, Duarte GS, et al. Botulinum toxin type A therapy for cervical dystonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Dec 12;(12):CD003633.www.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003633.pub3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29230798?tool=bestpractice.com西多伦多医院痉挛性斜颈评定量表 (TWSTRS) 症状得分和疗效持续时间提高:有中等质量的证据表明,就未曾进行毒素注射治疗的颈肌张力障碍患者注射治疗 4 周后的症状缓解程度而言,B 型肉毒杆菌毒素疗法 1 的疗效并不弱于 A 型肉毒杆菌毒素疗法 1。 两种疗法的疗效持续时间类似。[18]Comella CL, Jankovic J, Shannon KM, et al. Comparison of botulinum toxin serotypes A and B for the treatment of cervical dystonia. Neurology. 2005 Nov 8;65(9):1423-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16275831?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Pappert EJ, Germanson T; Myobloc/Neurobloc European Cervical Dystonia Study Group. Botulinum toxin type B vs. type A in toxin-naive patients with cervical dystonia: randomized, double-blind, noninferiority trial. Mov Disord. 2008 Mar 15;23(4):510-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18098274?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 在使用 B 型肉毒毒素时,口干是较频繁发生的不良事件。[27]Castelão M, Marques RE, Duarte GS, et al. Botulinum toxin type A therapy for cervical dystonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Dec 12;(12):CD003633.www.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003633.pub3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29230798?tool=bestpractice.com
美国神经病学学会指出,abobotulinumtoxinA 和 rimabotulinumtoxinB 是颈部张力障碍的确定有效治疗药物,治疗时应当予以采用。onabotulinumtoxinA 和 incobotulinumtoxinA 很可能有效,治疗时应当加以考虑。[20]Simpson DM, Hallett M, Ashman EJ, et al. Practice guideline update summary: botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, adult spasticity, and headache - report of the guideline development subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2016 May 10;86(19):1818-26.http://www.neurology.org/content/86/19/1818.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27164716?tool=bestpractice.com
使用肉毒毒素时,技术方面的注意事项包括:注入肌张力障碍的肌肉,以阻断乙酰胆碱释放进入神经肌肉接头,造成局部去神经支配;临床疗效通常会持续 3-4 个月;[29]Marsh WA, Monroe DM, Brin MF, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the duration of clinical effect of onabotulinumtoxinA in cervical dystonia. BMC Neurol. 2014 Apr 27;14:91.http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2377/14/91http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24767576?tool=bestpractice.com 通常每 3-4 个月注射一次;[29]Marsh WA, Monroe DM, Brin MF, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the duration of clinical effect of onabotulinumtoxinA in cervical dystonia. BMC Neurol. 2014 Apr 27;14:91.http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2377/14/91http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24767576?tool=bestpractice.com 有些临床医师主张使用肌电图来定位需要注射的肌肉;肌电图对深层肌肉或小肌肉注射特别有帮助。有限的证据表明,使用肌电图指导可以改善结局。[30]Nijmeijer SW, Koelman JH, Kamphuis DJ, et al. Muscle selection for treatment of cervical dystonia with botulinum toxin-a systematic review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012 Jul;18(6):731-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22575237?tool=bestpractice.com
肌内注射肉毒毒素的副作用与诱发的肌无力相关,可能包括严重吞咽困难(当注入颈部肌肉时)或者全身摄取毒素后出现轻度肉毒杆菌中毒(吞咽困难是早期症状)。 与安慰剂比较,接受 rimabotulinumtoxinB 治疗的患者,口干和吞咽困难的风险升高。[25]Marques RE, Duarte GS, Rodrigues FB, et al. Botulinum toxin type B for cervical dystonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 May 13;(5):CD004315.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004315.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27176573?tool=bestpractice.com 目前正在研究超声引导的胸锁乳突肌内注射,以探讨此疗法是否可以降低吞咽困难的风险。[31]Hong JS, Sathe GG, Niyonkuru C, et al. Elimination of dysphagia using ultrasound guidance for botulinum toxin injections in cervical dystonia. Muscle Nerve. 2012 Oct;46(4):535-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22987694?tool=bestpractice.com
2% 的患者会生成中和抗体,使肉毒毒素疗效丧失,尽管有些患者在产生阿波肉毒 A 抗体后注射肉毒毒素依然有效。[33]Coleman C, Hubble J, Schwab J, et al. Immunoresistance in cervical dystonia patients after treatment with abobotulinumtoxinA. Int J Neurosci. 2012 Jul;122(7):358-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22356470?tool=bestpractice.com 使用最低有效剂量的肉毒毒素,并确保注射间隔时间大于等于 3 个月,可以减少产生抗体的风险。[32]Swope D, Barbano R. Treatment recommendations and practical applications of botulinum toxin treatment of cervical dystonia. Neurol Clin. 2008 May;26(suppl 1):54-65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18603168?tool=bestpractice.com
美国食品药品监督管理局在 2008 年 2 月发出一份早期通讯,警示局部注射肉毒素有可能引发肉毒中毒。大多数病例发生在脑性瘫痪患儿接受痉挛治疗时。FDA: follow-up to the February 8, 2008 early communication about an ongoing safety review of Botox and Botox Cosmetic (Botulinum toxin type A) and Myobloc (Botulinum toxin type B) (April 2009)